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For further discussion regarding baselines and targets weight loss green smoothie recipes 40 mcg astralean free shipping, and citations of the underlying literature weight loss zucchini recipes generic astralean 40 mcg with visa, see Chapter 2 weight loss log proven astralean 40 mcg, Section 2 weight loss pills vitamins buy astralean 40 mcg on-line. Figure 1 1 Schematic diagram of various types of baselines (reference conditions) which can be used to identify degradation and restoration, and as a starting condition from which to measure trends. Pre-modern Natural baseline - the information is inferred from the current state, historical data, paleo-ecological proxies and expert opinion. Since the actual date of this state is rarely known, the derived trend is indicated by a dashed line; 2. Current state - used to measure past trends and to provide a reference for future monitoring; 4. The objective in highlighting cases is to show how land management and restoration measures can help improve livelihoods, reduce poverty and strengthen longterm sustainability of land use in different situations. To determine the approach to the selection of cases, scientific and other literature was systematically assessed (see Section 1. More specifically, this literature search was done to identify, summarize and evaluate key recurring factors and criteria which are most likely to contribute to such success and to assist in determining the success cases to be highlighted in Chapter 1. The outcome of this systematic review lends itself to the development of an operational framework (Figures 1. This framework was subsequently used to guide the choice of cases and the quantitative assessment of their success (see Sections 1. The Operational Framework may also assist with project development, implementation and assessment. The authors incorporated differing knowledge systems and worldviews (including indigenous and local knowledge), the elements of quality of life and human wellbeing, the quality of life of individuals, communities, societies, nations and humanity, and successful solutions including restoration and rehabilitation (Chapter 1). Key elements from other chapters were reviewed and incorporated, including different perceptions (Chapter 2), direct and indirect drivers (Chapter 3), status and trends of biodiversity and ecosystem services (Chapter 4), scale and trade-offs (Chapters 4 and 5), changes in ecosystem functions, human well-being and good quality of life (Chapter 5), responses to land degradation and restoration (Chapter 6), trade-offs between social, economic and environmental objectives (Chapters 4, 5, 6 and 7) and decision-support approaches (Chapter 8). Step 2: Using the aforementioned terms, a systematic literature search was conducted, incorporating the cycle of events from causes through to solutions, drawing on relevant articles, books, regional and national assessments, reports by governments, United Nations bodies, national and international non-government organisations and indigenous peoples and local community knowledge sources. Step 3: the content of the 260 references were subjected to a systematic review process to identify key recurring and common terms associated with the causes of land degradation, its impacts on human well-being and quality of life, restoration, rehabilitation, successful outcomes and solutions. Step 4: the 106 key terms were grouped by similarity, reflecting on the initial search criteria. This resulted in 15 key headings, based on the frequency in which the term occurred. The information from the literature search was gathered into a table listing the pertinent references and divided by: (i) perspective; (ii) initial search criteria; (iii) the key term to which it is related; (iv) implementation outcomes; and (v) other factors. Step 5: the information in the summary table (Step 4) was further analysed to reveal three overarching and overlapping criteria. This resulted in a number of sub-categories within each criterion, including those which overlapped with the three criteria, demonstrating the importance of interconnections between criteria for successful outcomes. An internal review of the initial outcomes occurred across all chapters in the assessment. Inputs from two external reviews enhanced the outcomes presented in Chapter 1 (Figures 1. Additional 250 references supporting the outcomes of the systematic review process (total of 510 references) have been utilised to substantiate the information presented in Figure 1. Figure 1 2 Operational framework for guiding decisions and actions to establish and identify success in avoiding, reducing and reversing land degradation for the benefits of human well-being and good quality of life, while restoring and rehabilitating degraded land. The landscape-scale approach incorporates the socio-ecological system, including natural and human-modified ecosystems, influenced by ecological, historical, economic, and sociocultural processes. The landscape includes an array of stakeholders small enough to be manageable but large enough to deliver multiple functions for stakeholders with differing interests (Denier et al. This cultural context influences the perceptions and experiences of actions and what counts as success. Effective outcomes occur when actions are co-produced with people and nature and include the application of their knowledge and work. This guidance draws on insights from the seven subsequent chapters of the assessment, underpinned by a firm evidence base (Estrada-Carmona et al. When all factors are implemented in a coordinated, interacting manner and communicated to all levels of society, outcomes are most likely to lead to positive solutions to avoid, reduce and reverse land degradation, benefitting human well-being, quality of life and nature (see Section 1. To assess the outcomes of the success stories, our approach considers aspirations to benefit human well-being and quality of life while avoiding, reducing and reversing degradation processes utilising the restoration and/or rehabilitation of degraded land. The three key interacting criteria and associated elements have been used to frame, along with a quantitative evaluation (see Section 1. They are underpinned by participatory planning and different knowledge systems (Brancalion, 2015; Guilfoyle, 2004; Hill et al. Evaluating success Several elements support each of the three overarching criteria (Table 1. None of these elements, across and within the three criteria are sufficient individually to establish or identify success. A quantitative method is presented which can evaluate effectiveness of individual success stories (Table 1. These quantitative measurements can be used prior to restoration and rehabilitation actions, during implementation, at the end of implementation and can also assist project adaptation. Effective examples incorporating financial instruments Landscape partnerships, including businesses, have the potential to be effective for reducing land degradation, while benefitting and contributing to local communities, businesses, landscapes, food and nature. The Action Agenda aims to improve the quality of business engagement and scale up landscape partnerships for sustainable development including food, nature, business, local communities and landscapes (Scherr et al. A local Kenyan organization, Kijabe Environment Volunteers in the Kikuyu escarpment landscape has mobilized communities across their landscapes. These landscapes are rich in wild biodiversity, have strong cultural heritage and important areas of agricultural production. Countries experiencing salt-induced land degradation have recognised the cost-effectiveness of investing in land remediation, incorporated into a broader strategy for food security. Including remediation in national action plans can identify and remove barriers to the adoption of sustainable land management, including perverse subsidies (Qadir et al. Successful restoration also needs to be supported by a decisionmaking framework aiming for net social and economic benefits, and implemented within strong legal, governance and institutional contexts (Laestadius et al. Policies and schemes for the payment of ecosystem services, which provide incentives for investment in land improvement and reward sustainable land use, have been employed as economic instruments in some parts of the world (Nkonya et al. However, a singular focus on economic value, such as the payment of ecosystem services, provides limited opportunity to incorporate a pluralistic approach which embraces a diversity of non-monetary values, and limits opportunities for transformative integrated practices (Pascual et al. Private markets often fail to assign a price to many ecosystem services that adequately reflects their benefits to society as a whole (Kroeger & Casey, 2007). The Kisoro District in Uganda provides an example where fragmented landscapes and lack of collaboration, between upstream and downstream communities in the Chuho springs watershed, has resulted 14 1. Such legal instruments are only as good as their implementation, particularly in controlling compliance and implementing potential prosecutions. Latin American countries have developed regulatory frameworks and supportive instruments aimed at guiding restoration. However, exclusion of stakeholder groups, limited institutional and organizational capacity to operationalize large-scale restoration and particularities of the high socio-ecological heterogeneity in legal and regulatory instruments have limited their effectiveness (Meli et al. These are however only biophysical and exclude impacts on people, particularly indigenous peoples and local communities (Chaves et al. South Africa requires mining companies to rehabilitate land after open cast mining, which is costly. Estimating the farming revenue of land prior to and after open-cast mining can establish what the value of land use will be after mining, and can shift scenarios toward a winwin situation for all land users (McNeill & Quillerou, 2016). Legal policies based on environmental compensation, without restoration recovery conditions, have failed in mangrove recovery projects in Mexico (Zaldivar-Jimenez et al.
Syndromes
Doing so also has the advantage of allowing people to weight loss knoxville effective 40 mcg astralean add their notations to weight loss pills plexus buy astralean 40 mcg amex the copy weight loss chocolate discount 40 mcg astralean overnight delivery. Without handouts weight loss 4 pills 40 mcg astralean otc, it is not unusual to see people frantically trying to write down the presentation! The disadvantage of distributing handouts at the beginning of the presentation is that people tend to look ahead at the handouts, instead of focusing on Presenting Results 489 Box 13. If for this reason handouts will be held until the end of the presentation, it is important to let the audience know that they will be coming. If the presentation includes complex data or tables, consider handing these tables out as the topic is presented. Using Presentation Programs Presentation programs, such as PowerPoint, can make visuals look more professional. They should be used judiciously, however, lest they turn a talk into a mere slide show. To keep a presentation interesting, the speaker should limit the number of slides, using them to convey only the most important points (box 13. As Tufte notes: Audiences consequently endure a relentless sequentiality, one damn slide after another. Give the audience about 10 seconds to read the slide; then spend the next five minutes talking about why the point made in the slide is important. Visual reasoning usually works more effectively when relevant information is shown side by side. This is especially so for statistical data, where the fundamental analytical act is to make comparisons. Whether the evaluation is presented in writing or orally, it must be tailored to meet the needs of the audience. By respecting the principles delineated in this chapter, evaluators can increase the impact their evaluations will have. Identify improvements that could be made to the report so that it more effectively communicates its messages. Using your analysis, create a checklist to show which audiences should receive which kind of communication, when, and from whom. Presenting Results 491 References and Further Reading Busuladzic, Dino, and James Trevelyan. They may be asked to make changes to the plan, organization, or reporting of the evaluation to meet the needs of others. Sometimes proposed modifications are welcome; at other times, they may raise ethical or political considerations. Ethics and politics are issues for all evaluators, especially for those working in countries with poor governance and a history of corruption. Internal pressures within a development organization can also create ethical issues. This chapter discusses ethical issues and political considerations in evaluations. Laws are written in an attempt to identify and control ethical behavior, but laws cannot cover every possible situation. Moreover, behavior can be legal but still unethical (for example, taking a small gift from someone who is about to be evaluated or changing the tone of a report to make it more positive or negative despite the strength of the evidence behind it). Evaluators are often faced with situations in which the right thing to do is not clear; there are many gray areas. Because the grounds for deciding what is ethical are based on values and beliefs, different cultures establish different laws. For this reason, it is important to be aware of what is legal as well as what is considered ethical in the country in which the evaluation is being conducted. Evaluators should also be aware of any laws requiring reporting of a crime or suspected crime. Evaluators should be aware of the laws in the country in which they work as well as the guidance and standards of their own organization. Many development organizations have developed and issued ethical standards or guidelines. Evaluation Corruptibility and Fallacies Evaluators have to be able to "speak truth to power. Identifying Ethical Problems Morris and Cohn (1993) surveyed the members of the American Evaluation Association about their views on ethical issues. In addition to these ethical problems are ethical issues associated with the design of an evaluation. Ethical issues can emerge in randomized designs in deciding who receives the intervention and who is placed in a control group. If, during the course of a project, an intervention proves promising, those not receiving the intervention may demand access to it. If evaluations are to be useful to managers, development organizations, participants, and citizens, they must be honest, objective, and fair. Sometimes there is pressure to avoid asking certain kinds of evaluation questions or to steer the evaluation onto less sensitive grounds. Certain issues may not be brought up that might reflect negatively on the organization or the program. In other situations, certain people may be excluded from meetings or interviews, or field trips may be limited because of "time constraints. Attempts to influence an evaluation often also occur during the course of an evaluation. While most evaluators would quickly recognize a bribe, they may not always recognize subtle forms of influence. Offers of friendship, dinner, or recreational activities can be a welcome gesture to someone who is far from home. The evaluator should not attempt to sort out whether this 498 the Road to Results: Designing and Conducting Effective Development Evaluations information is an attempt to direct focus away from other issues, an attempt by the informant to get even with someone, or actual corruption or fraud. Rather, they should report the allegation to the appropriate authority for investigation. In most development organizations, procedures exist for reporting suspected misconduct or fraud. At the World Bank, for example, the Department of Institutional Integrity investigates allegations of staff misconduct as well as allegations of fraud and corruption in Bank operations. These procedures may be part of a staff manual, special brochure, or contract of employment. Except when fraud or abuse are suspected and reported for investigation, evaluations should not harm participants. This means that people who participate should never be identified or placed in threatening situations. If confidentiality of participants is ensured and names are later divulged, harm is done. Protecting confidentiality is essential, but there may be situations where it is difficult. Say, for instance, that evaluators of an education program are told by several interviewees that the director is spending program money for personal benefit. Revealing these findings runs the risk of exposing those who reported them in confidence. Not disclosing the incident to special investigations leads to potential complicity in the act. It also may be helpful to talk with a supervisor or manager (not involved in the allegation) about the situation and options. Evaluators should be particularly careful when asked to respond to reporters, program managers, or even board members "off the record.
In other words weight loss pills 375mg astralean 40 mcg mastercard, in the name of the polluter-pays principle weight loss 5 htp order 40 mcg astralean mastercard, a minimum of environmental obligations may be required (Defra weight loss pills in stores astralean 40 mcg sale, 2013; Langlais weight loss pills from mexico purchase 40 mcg astralean, 2013; Leonardi, 2014). However, in some countries, some actors are paid to comply with the law and stop illegal practices (Pirard & Sembres, 2010). Description of the land degradation-other global environmental challenges linkage is provided in Chapter 3 (see Sections 3. Degradation reduces the productivity of the land base, which in turn negatively impacts the provision of ecosystem services. With each additional degraded piece of land, biodiversity loss is also exacerbated. This Section explores how various policy areas influence degradation or enhance possibilities to address land degradation and develop restoration. It also explores ways of identifying trade-offs in order to improve coherence and synergies between land and other policy areas. Other policy areas that are explored include agriculture, water, climate change and biodiversity conservation. Effective responses to land degradation can simultaneously contribute towards the goals of the three Rio Conventions (Cowie et al. They also support other multilateral environmental agreements such as the Ramsar 625 8. Each of these international agreements and global goals operates at multiple levels. Taking a multi-level approach towards preventing and reducing land degradation and restoring degraded areas offers the potential to deliver benefits at various spatial and/or institutional levels and work across a number of policy areas and stakeholder groups (Hurni, 1998, 1997). Countries further agreed on actions to integrate biodiversity in forestry, fisheries, agriculture and tourism Table 8 4 Land degradation and restoration relevant Aichi Biodiversity Targets and examples of progress to date. By 2020, invasive alien species and pathways are identified and prioritized, priority species are controlled or eradicated and measures are in place to manage pathways to prevent their introduction and establishment. Target 9 Policy responses to deal with the invasive species problem have increased since the 1970s, and also the number of successful eradications; but the management implementation statistics are patchy and progress in this area less apparent (McGeoch et al. Progress towards this target globally remains rather uncertain, nevertheless the importance of managing invasive alien species if land productivity is to be retained is well established (see. For example, over 560 alien species (most of them invasive) of various taxa were identified in the Southern Ocean Islands. Forest and wetland restoration programmes involving positive incentive schemes are underway worldwide with signs of improvement evident in the state of forests and wetlands in many parts of the world. Such improvements can help to reduce flood risks and improve water management while also increasing carbon stocks (Locatelli et al. Target 15 By 2020, ecosystem resilience and the contribution of biodiversity to carbon stocks have been enhanced, through conservation and restoration, including restoration of at least 15% of degraded ecosystems, thereby contributing to climate change mitigation and adaptation and to combating desertification. Although there have been conflicting reports about the success of sustainable agriculture practices. Sustainable land management, therefore, has potential to simultaneously address Targets 15. The percentage of terrestrial key biodiversity areas covered by protected areas increased from 16. Over the same period, the share of freshwater key biodiversity areas that are protected increased from 13. During the same period, other areas were reforested through planting, landscape restoration activities or the natural expansion of forest. Its objective is to maintain or even improve the extent of healthy and productive land resources over time and in line with national sustainable development priorities, through efforts such as the landscape approach (Figure 8. Three global indicators are being used to monitor progress towards the Land Degradation Neutrality target: change in land cover; change in land productivity (net primary production) and change in soil organic carbon stocks. The figure highlights the actions required to achieve land degradation neutrality. The report is expected to synthesize knowledge on the links between climate change and land issues, offering possible ways forward to harness synergy between efforts that address the two issues. Afforestation and reforestation programs, which are part of the Clean Development Mechanism, increase carbon storage in soils and vegetation. Soil carbon management is further considered as one of the most cost-effective mitigation options under the Kyoto protocol (Al-Juaied & Whitmore, 2009; McKinsey & Company, 2009). Sustainable land management practices, which also build soil carbon, include conservation agriculture and agroforestry practices. In summary, sustainable land management practices that conserve moisture, reduce or reverse soil degradation, maintain or enhance species diversity - simultaneously and synergistically - contribute to the objectives of the three Conventions (Cowie et al. However, there are trade-offs as well, as optimization for one objective can reduce outcomes for others. For example, monoculture of exotic species may produce greatest carbon sequestration benefits, but reduce biodiversity values. Box 8 13 Examples of restoration at multiple levels stemming from various initiatives. These measures have benefited more than 194,000 households and contribute to increased productivity in the affected areas. They also enhance the resilience of small-scale agriculture to the impacts of climate change and related stressors Policy makers have already started integrating ecosystem health concerns into some sectoral policies with a focus on harnessing synergies between biodiversity conservation and sustainable production. However, there are other policies operating at multiple levels and over several scales that govern the drivers and impacts of land degradation and the types and distributions of benefits emerging from restoration. This has resulted in increased pressure on land from agriculture, forestry, livestock grazing, energy production and urbanization. Indeed, urban and industrial development that consumes land is a growing driver of changes in land use and land cover, requiring proactive management to ensure that detrimental effects on land, soil and ecosystem services do not ensue (Cerreta & De Toro, 2012) (see also Chapter 3). While policies seek to ensure that these needs are met, they sometimes fuel land degradation, which over time reduces productivity - leading to higher demand for more land and can increase deforestation with negative impacts on climate. Identification of such interactions within policies from different sectors is key to combating land degradation and ensuring land restoration through sustainable land management. For instance, land degradation over the next 25 years may reduce global food production by up to 12% if the land degradation trend remains unchecked (International Food Policy Research Institute, 2013). Targeted plans to increase food production often neglect taking into account the negative factors that may arise and the contribution this can make to exacerbating overall human vulnerability (Stringer, 2009). For example, projections of a required 50% increase in food production by 2050 do not take into account environmental degradation and a changing climate, which could reduce 8. Green and red arrows represent positive and negative relationships respectively, while solid and dashed arrows respectively depict direct and indirect links. National agricultural expansion plan, National infrastructure development plan, Mining exploration and exploitation plan) 630 8. Climate change, water scarcity, invasive pests and land degradation could cause up to 25% reduction of the world food production (Nellemann et al. These examples show the importance of having a comprehensive view of policy interactions. Assessing policy impacts across sectors often requires the use of indicators, such as impacts on productivity of the land, the extent to which the land resource is able to provide the expected ecosystem services and the availability and quality of raw materials extracted from the land (Stolte et al. In some cases, shared indicators can be used across multiple sectors to provide useful information on complementary policy areas. Ecosystem services nevertheless present more complex interactions between ecosystem components which are often non-linear. To understand ecosystem changes over large areas, however, often requires enormous time and financial investment, especially if on-the-ground data monitoring and evaluation data are to be collected. Policies regarding water, waste, chemicals, industrial pollution prevention, nature protection, pesticides, agriculture often affect and are affected by soil protection measures. It can also require some degree of policy analysis to assess the coherence of proposed actions before those actions are implemented, allowing decision makers to reduce any unintended negative effects. Policy analysis approaches can offer important insights into where different sectors are undermining or supporting one another horizontally, as well as showing where they are aligned vertically. Conversely, policy approaches that are coherent can help to deliver greater overall effectiveness and efficiency and reduce competition between sectors for finite financial and other resources (Akhtar-Schuster et al. The literature is nevertheless lacking in terms of detailed multi-sector policy coherence analyses. Coherence and trade-offs between strategies to reduce land degradation and promote restoration and environment policies, water management policies, energy and climate policies and transport policies have been explored by Stolte et al.
Deforestation Trends in the Congo Basin: Reconciling Economic Growth and Forest Protection weight loss 8 weeks discount astralean 40 mcg visa. Factors affecting deforestation and forest degradation in selectively logged production forest: A case study in Myanmar weight loss transformations buy cheap astralean 40 mcg on-line. Restoration of lowland peatland in England and impacts on food production and security weight loss 40days40pounds astralean 40 mcg online. Modeling Impact of Development Trajectories and a Global Agreement on Reducing Emissions from Deforestation on Congo Basin Forests by 2030 weight loss pills yellow jackets discount 40 mcg astralean with visa. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 363(1498). The roads ahead: Narratives for shared socioeconomic pathways describing world futures in the 21st century. Estimating the opportunity costs of reducing carbon dioxide emissions via avoided deforestation, using integrated assessment modelling. Regional Climate Change in Tropical and Northern Africa due to Greenhouse Forcing and Land Use Changes. Simulating stakeholder-driven food and climate scenarios for policy development in Africa, Asia and Latin America A multiregional synthesis. Surface water quality and cropping systems sustainability under a changing climate in the Upper Mississippi River Basin. Rethinking Global Biodiversity Strategies: Exploring structural changes in production and consumption to reduce biodiversity loss. Secretariat of the Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services. The economic potential of bioenergy for climate change mitigation with special attention given to implications for the land system. Past and future trends in nutrients export by rivers to the coastal waters of China. Economicbased projections of future land use in the conterminous United States under alternative policy scenarios. Using Land To Mitigate Climate Change: Hitting the Target, Recognizing the Trade-offs. Anthropogenic soil degradation affects seed viability in Polylepis australis mountain forests of central Argentina. The Restoration of Degraded Mountain Woodlands: Effects of Seed Provenance and Microsite Characteristics on Polylepis australis Seedling Survival and Growth in Central Argentina. Forest landscape restoration is more than planting trees - three case studies from the United States. The Shared Socioeconomic Pathways and their energy, land use, and greenhouse gas emissions implications: An overview. A Case for Rethinking Policy and Research Directions for the Rehabilitation of Riparian Lands in Australia. Sustainable intensification of agriculture for human prosperity and global sustainability. United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Division for Sustainable Development. Production and characterization of slow pyrolysis biochar: influence of feedstock type and pyrolysis conditions. Preferential erosion of black carbon on steep slopes with slash and burn agriculture. Assessing the impact of ecological and economic factors on land degradation vulnerability through multiway analysis. The human core of the shared socioeconomic pathways: Population scenarios by age, sex and level of education for all countries to 2100. The increasing impact of food production on nutrient export by rivers to the Bay of Bengal 1970-2050. Trends in Global Vegetation Activity and Climatic Drivers Indicate a Decoupled Response to Climate Change. Appraising and selecting conservation measures to mitigate desertification and land degradation based on stakeholder participation and global best practices. Scenarios of land use and land cover change in the conterminous United States: Utilizing the special report on emission scenarios at ecoregional scales. Potential for carbon sequestration in European soils: preliminary estimates for five scenarios using results from long-term experiments. Spatially explicit modeling of 1992-2100 land cover and forest stand age for the conterminous United States. Investigating the challenges and opportunities for scaling up ecosystem restoration. Global Trends and Variability in Soil Moisture and Drought Characteristics, 1950-2000, from Observation-Driven Simulations of the Terrestrial Hydrologic Cycle. Impacts of incentives to reduce emissions from deforestation on global species extinctions. A review on heavy metal contamination in the soil worldwide: situation, impact and remediation techniques. Bioinvasions and Globalization: Ecology, Economics, Management, and Policy, 19-29. The role of revegetation for rehabilitation of sodic soils in semiarid subtropical forest, India. Monitoring and indicators: designing national-level monitoring programmes and indicators. Report of the expert meeting on indicators of biological diversity including indicators for rapid assessment of inland ecosystems. The assessment of the status of human-induced soil degradation in South and Southeast Asia. Exploring future agricultural development and biodiversity in Uganda, Rwanda and Burundi: a spatially explicit scenario-based assessment. A new scenario framework for Climate Change Research: Scenario matrix architecture. A multi-scale, multimodel approach for analyzing the future dynamics of European land use. Assessing spatial uncertainties of land allocation using a scenario approach and sensitivity analysis: A study for land use in Europe. The future of food security, environments and livelihoods in Eastern Africa: four socioeconomic scenarios. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences, 366(1578), 2693-2702. Cumulative Effects Assessment: Linking Social, Ecological, and Governance Dimensions. Landscape Restoration: New Directions in Global Governance: the Case of the Global Partnership on Forest and Landscape Restoration and the Bonn Challenge. The climate mitigation gap: education and government recommendations miss the most effective individual actions. Production scenarios and the effect of soil degradation on long-term food security in China. Assessment of soil organic carbon stocks under future climate and land cover changes in Europe. Assessing the Effectiveness of Land Restoration Interventions in Dry Lands By Multitemporal Remote Sensing - a Case Study in Ouled Dlim (Marrakech, Morocco), 91(August 2014), 80-91. Chapter 8: Decision support to address land degradation and support restoration of degraded land. Reed (United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland), Dipaka Ranjan Sena (India), Ravishankar Thupalli (India) 8. Such an analysis can allow comparison between relative long-term and shortterm merits of plausible options for a particular socio-ecological system (well established). Decisions on feasible options are more likely to reach their goal when guided by scientific scrutiny of the risks, costs and benefits, social and environmental fulfillment associated with each of the available options and climate change scenarios {8. Degradation mitigation and restoration responses are, however, constrained by availability of resources, technologies, knowledge of the system and institutional competencies {8. Although conceptual frameworks for combatting land degradation and enabling restoration exist, current knowledge, information and tools cannot seamlessly support the complete process of evidence-based decision-making (well established). The use of tools and the associated data require close cross-disciplinary collaboration and enabling conditions. Monitoring strategies, verification systems, adequate baseline information and data are needed to measure, understand, design, implement and adapt decisions on land degradation avoidance and restoration.
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