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STUDENT DIGITAL NEWSLETTER ALAGAPPA INSTITUTIONS |
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Yakoub Khalaf
Intrinsic factor erectile dysfunction medication ratings discount avana 200 mg overnight delivery, a carrier protein for vitamin B12 prices for erectile dysfunction drugs discount 50 mg avana mastercard, binds to the vitamin erectile dysfunction free treatment generic avana 200mg visa, and the resultant complex passes through the tract to the ileum erectile dysfunction doctors in nj buy avana 200 mg on-line, which absorbs the B12. Gastric Motility Gastric movements mix the ingesta with the gastric juice, continue mechanical digestion (to liquefy the digesta), and pass the digesta into the duodenum at a controlled rate. The stomach regularly produces peristaltic contractions, beginning in the region of the cardia and increasing in force as they travel over the stomach to the pyloric antrum. These mix and grind the food and force some through the pyloric sphincter into the duodenum. However, much of the food (and especially larger particles) is held back to allow for more mixing and grinding. The ingesta forced through the pyloric sphincter, termed chyme, is a mushy, semisolid mixture of food, water, and gastric juice. Similar to the regulation of gastric secretions, the regulation of gastric motility can be divided into cephalic, gastric, and intestinal phases. Stimulation during cephalic regulation occurs via the parasympathetic nerves, and this increases in response to sight, smell, or taste of food. The hormone gastrin stimulates overall gastric motility to promote mixing (gastric phase). The hormones cholecystokinin and secretin and gastric inhibitory peptides promote a more forceful contraction of the pyloric sphincter to slow gastric emptying (intestinal phase). The inhibitory effect of the duodenal hormones (released in response to chyme entering the duodenum) prevents the delivery of chyme to the duodenum too fast to be digested normally. The stomach of a carnivore empties within a few hours, usually before the next meal. The stomach of a nursing foal empties slowly, but in an adult pony liquid passes from the stomach to the cecum in 2 hours. In addition to the typical pattern of stomach contraction when food is present, waves of peristaltic contractions may occur over the stomach as a slight ripple. These are produced by spontaneous electrical depolarizations, which sometimes induce action potentials, in the smooth muscle. These begin in the cardia region, and the waves of membrane depolarization are termed gastric slow waves. In prolonged fasting, the magnitude of the contractions becomes greater (hunger contractions). These are apparently a response to an increase in parasympathetic input during prolonged fasting. These reach maximum intensity in humans after about 3 days without food and weaken progressively thereafter. In the horse, hunger contractions may begin as early as 5 hours after eating, when the stomach still contains some food. As the blood sugar level decreases, the intensity of hunger contractions increases. Physiology of the Small Intestine, Exocrine Pancreas, and Liver the small intestine is the primary site of chemical digestion and absorption of nutrients. The primary digestive function of the liver is to provide bile salts, which facilitate the enzymatic digestion of lipids. Small Intestine Secretions and Motility Intestinal juice is derived from intestinal glands in the wall of the small intestine. These include crypts or crypts of Lieberkuhn, scattered throughout the entire small intestine. The intestinal juice contains salts and water derived from blood capillaries in the wall of the intestine. The function of the secreted salts is unclear, but the water dilutes the chyme, which is usually hypertonic (higher osmolality than normal plasma). The two primary types of movement by the small intestine are segmentation and peristalsis. Segmentation movements, which occur when food is in the small intestine, are characterized by alternating local areas of contraction and relaxation. These movements mix the digesta with intestinal juice and digestive enzymes and increase the contact between digesta and the epithelial surface of the small intestine. The increased contact provides more exposure to enzymes associated with epithelial cells and to the absorptive surface of the epithelial cells. Strong peristaltic contractions of the small intestine in fasting animals or several hours after a meal propel ingesta down the tract, presumably to clean the small intestine of undigested foodstuffs before the next meal. The same segment of intestine is viewed at three different sequential times (A, B, and C). These ducts empty into one or two pancreatic ducts, which empty into the duodenum. The sodium bicarbonate raises to an acceptable pH the chyme entering from the stomach. The small-intestinal epithelium is not protected from an acidic solution by a thick layer of mucus, as is the stomach. The major stimulus for bicarbonate secretion is the hormone secretin from the small intestinal mucosa. Similar to pepsin in the stomach, these are secreted as inactive precursors, trypsinogen and chymotrypsinogen. Trypsinogen is activated by an enzyme, enterokinase, a component of the luminal cell membranes of small intestinal cells (enterocytes). The ultimate end products of protein digestion are amino acids, but the pancreatic proteolytic enzymes may stop digestion when the peptides reach a length of two or more amino acids. If this occurs, peptidases associated with enterocyte cell membranes can complete hydrolysis of the peptides to individual amino acids for absorption. Unlike the proteolytic enzymes, pancreatic amylase and lipase are in the active forms when secreted from the pancreas. Amylase digests starches to oligosaccharides (a carbohydrate composed of a small number of monosaccharides, usually two to four). The enzymes maltase and sucrase, components of enterocyte cell membranes, further digest the oligosaccharides to monosaccharides. Lactase, to digest lactose (milk sugar), is present in enterocytes of young mammals but not in all adults. This action is most effective after the fats have been emulsified by bile (discussed later). Control of pancreatic exocrine secretion depends on stimulation by vagal autonomic nerves that innervate the pancreas and on three intestinal hormones, cholecystokinin, secretin, and gastrin. Seeing or smelling food stimulates vagal stimulation, and food in the stomach prompts release of gastrin. The greatest amount of pancreatic exocrine secretion occurs when the acid chyme and food components in the duodenum stimulate the release of cholecystokinin and secretin from cells in the duodenal mucosa (intestinal phase of control). Liver Digestive Function and Secretion of Bile Liver cells (hepatocytes) are responsible for bile formation. Bile is a greenish-yellow salt solution consisting primarily of bile salts, cholesterol, phospholipids (lecithins), and bile pigments (bilirubin). Hepatocytes synthesize the bile salts (primarily sodium salts of glycocholic and taurocholic acids) from cholesterol. These salts assist in digestion and absorption of lipids (triglycerides), and the production and secretion of these salts is the most important digestive function of the liver. In an aqueous solution, such as the duodenal chyme, lipids tend to clump together and form large droplets (recall the appearance of an oil and vinegar salad dressing after shaking the bottle). Such large lipid droplets present a small surface area for the action of the pancreatic lipases. Bile acids act as emulsifiers to reduce droplet size and make the lipids more accessible to the lipases. Lipases can function without bile salts, but lipid digestion is inefficient without them. Micelle is the term for the small droplets formed in the intestinal chyme that contain lipids, bile salts, and products of lipid digestion. Since the horse has no gallbladder, the bile passes directly from the liver to the duodenum by way of the bile duct and its tributaries at a fairly continuous rate. The gallbladder stores bile for intermittent discharge into the duodenum and concentrates the bile by reabsorbing water from the stored bile. Cholecystokinin stimulates gallbladder contraction and the release of stored bile.
And should unprofessional people be possessed of proper knowledge of the anatomical features and physiological functions of the organs erectile dysfunction causes uk order avana 100mg free shipping, any decent and necessary allusion to them would not be regarded as indelicate or offensive erectile dysfunction 32 100mg avana visa. Such intelligence is not subversive of the moral nature erectile dysfunction for young men buy avana 50mg fast delivery, nor provocative of impure thought the conventional illiberality deemed proper by certain people erectile dysfunction pump covered by medicare buy avana 100 mg fast delivery, is far more hurtful than;; judicious instruction. Knowledge with refererence to the human capable of great injury if permitted to be buried, and this is as true of the organs in the pelvis as of those in the thoracic region. Few parents have the wisdom to take their children in their confidence and "teach them the evils consequent on solitary indulgence, and but few mothers acquaint their daughters with the phenomenon of womanhood before its appearance. This round-about way of imparting the required information, places the patient in an embarrassing attitude towards her physician, and it would be far better for her own welfare and individual independence did she herself state the fact, and freely and composedly answer the interrogations of her medical attendant. Complete health of the organs is necessary to the full vigor of the general economy, and it should be the aim and desire of all to maintain the vigor of the genitalia. We have seen that in the male the secretion of smegma constantly accumulates at the Besides, the scrotum is so situated that perspiration is at all corona. In the female the excessive secretions render cleanliness very imThe vaginal secretions should not be allowed to accumlate at the vulva, as they soon become offensive, and if re-absorbed impair the general health. On the pubic prominence are many sebaceous follicles, whose secretions should be frequently removed by Besides, the urine which passes through the external parts ablutions. Nothing is capable of doing greater harm than excesses of any kind, and those organs should not be indulged by any unnatural means. The same effect is produced by association of the sexes, where the mutual conduct is provocative of amative excitement, though modified by forbidden indulgence. Those who have the welfare of the organs in view, are therefore counselled not to permit abnormal excitement of the passions to occur. In like manner the full seminal vesicles impart the sensation to the nerves distributed to them, which is also conveyed to the brain. This fact is an unalterable condition of the economy, and it follows that a desire for the evacuation of the vesicles is as much a natural manifestation of functional action as that of relief of the bladder. In the female the hj-pergesthetic condition of the nerves distributed,to the clitoris awakens the same desire, which remains as long as the nervous forces, are not equalized by the expenditure of a part. The amative passion is not a cultivated one it is natural to the human being, and ineradicable by the greatest exercise of continent thought and behavior, and its gratification is unquestionably hygienic. That marriage is hygenic is proven by the fact that married people live longer than the unmarried, a fact that demonstrates the marital privilege as a healthy relation between the sexes. Nature did not design total continence, and such a condition is aversive to the physical and mental well-being of the sexes. The marriage relation exists in all Christian communities, and is considered the most solemn of contracts, and, excepting in Protestant it is regarded as a sacrament. In some countries its celebraunder the cognizance of ecclesiastical courts only, but in the United States it is regatded as merely a civil contract, magistrates having, equally with, clergymen, the right to solemnize it, though it is usually the practice to have it performed by a clergyman, and attended with religious ceremonies, Marriage, as a legalized custom, is of very ancient origin. As man advanced, civil codes were inaugurated, and certain protection given to the earliest civil code regulating marriage of the choice of the parties. The early Greeks followed the code of Cecrops, and the Romans were also governed in their marital relations by stringent laws. In fact the necessity of some law regulating the intercourse between the sexes must have become very apparent to aU. It certainly antedates any legal regulations with regard to the possession of property. It is very probable that every community did by common consent afford to each male one or more females, and the presumption is that such choice or assignment, as the case may have been, was respected by common agreement as inviolable. It is doubtful if ever promiscuity was the law or privilege with any community of men, even in their primitive the possession of reason is antagonistic to such a belief and state. Promiscuous indulgence is always evidence of debauchery, and a departure from that natural course which is prompted by an innate sense of propriety characterizing mankind. It is an nnsettled question, both in England and in this country, whether a marriage solemnized by customary formalities alone is legal, or if one characterized by the mere consent of the parties is illegal. Kent, in his Commentaries^ lays down the law that contracts made so that either party recognizes it from the moment of contract, and even not followed by cohabitation, amounts to a valid marriage and also that a contract to be recognized at some future period, and followed by consummation, is equally valid. The decisions arrived at, for or against, were not dependent upon any recognized law, but seem to be influenced by flations or;; the character of the cases, either for favor or discountenance. It is necessary to the progress of the age that some such principle should be recognized in common law, so as not to subject the decision of the question to the individual opinion of any judge. It would at once obviate the confusion of sentiment now held in regard to defines it should not stultify any other relation. It is questionable whether more, than one was recognized as the bond-jicle wife, the other simply being wives by right of concubinage. But if polygamy was in its strictest sense the legal custom, it soon grew unpopular, for no trace of it is met in the records of the New Testament, where all the passages referring to marriage imply monogamy as alone lawful. The custom is accounted for on the ground of the premature old age of the female in those regions, and also on the ground of excess of the number of females, though the latter, by the authority of recent travellers, is probably not the truth. It was not icnown in the republic of Rome, but during the existence of the empire the prevalence of divorce gave rise to a state almost analogous to it. It prevailed among the barbarous nations of antiquity, excepting the Ger- Polygamy has existed from time immemorial, nations of the East. In England the punishment of polygamy was originally in the hands of the ecclesiastics. In the United States the second marriage is a nullity, and the punishment varies in the different States, though usually imprisonment for a certain period, or fine, or both, is the penalty. The term bigamy is most in use, however, as the plurality seldom extends beyond two. Polygamy has had some defenders even in modem times, most of whom have grounded their defence on the absence of an express prohibition in the Scriptures. It is the offspring of licentiousness, and its advocates merely wish to give legal color to licentious habits. Every student of history will find that as soon as a nation became morally depraved, polygamy was practised, and that monogamy was the rule in all countries truly civilized. Polygamy has of late years been most shamefully revived, and outrageously practised in face of law, by the Mormons. These he claimed were placed in his hand September 22, 1827, by the angel of the Lord. The language was called the reformed Egyptian, not then known on earth, and the contents of the plates formed the 'Book of Mormon. It is a most singular fact that a sect like the Mormons could have been established in a country peopled with such law-abiding people as of the United States, and maintain a system of marriage antagonistic to the law and religion of the land. Neither could they have done so, if they had not possessed two great virtues, temperance and industry. It is to be hoped that the legal process now instituted for its abolition will effectually remove the blot from the national escutcheon. We have seen that monogamy was co-equal with the dawn of civilization, and that most probably the majority of the males had but one wife, even among this is polygamic nations. Universal polygamy is practically impossible, the scarcity of females and the poverty of the males forbidding it. Tho excess of females is not so great in any country as to allow to each malo more than one wife, except the male portion is depleted by long and disastrous wars. The rich could only afford to practise polygamy, and should the poor imitate the example, it would necessarily subject the wives to a state of serfdom. In the economy of nature it is designed that the male should be the protector of the female, and that by his exertions the provision of food and raiment should be secured. It is debasing to her nature, and subversive of her dignity in the rank of humanity, to make her the equal only with others in the marital union with one male. The female of birds chirps but for her single mate, and she is pugnaciously monogamic as well as virtuous, allowing neither male nor female at or the spirit of independence she gains by being the near her homxC. The polygamic husband must either suffer from the consequences of excessive indulgence, or his wives from poverty of uxorial gratification probably both would be the case. The female is equally capable, if not more so, to capacitate more husbands than one as the male more than one wife, and the physical deterioration would not be greater. Among the Congo tribes a wife is taken upon trial for a year, and if not suited to the standard of taste of the husband he returns her to her parents. Tc us some may appear very absurd, and yet our customs may be just as amazing to them. It matters but little how a conjugal union is effected as long as sanctioned by law or custom, and obligates the parties, by common opinion, to observe the duties pertaining to married life.
More recently the more accurate term "prelabor rupture of membranes" has been used erectile dysfunction causes treatment discount avana 200mg free shipping,especially in the obstetric literature erectile dysfunction surgery options purchase 200 mg avana, but it has not been generally adopted in clinical practice erectile dysfunction drugs in homeopathy buy generic avana 50mg. The factors that lead to premature rupture of membranes may also provoke increased production of cytokines in both the fetus and the mother impotent rage man purchase avana 50 mg without a prescription. Cytokines appear to adversely affect neonatal outcome and to predispose the neonate to both neurologic and pulmonary problems, especially after a preterm birth. A patient makes inquiries regarding multiple courses of steroids to enhance fetal lung maturity. Multiple courses of antenatal steroids (more than three) are associated with suppression of the fetal adrenal gland and decreased response to stress in a critically ill neonate. In addition, animal and human data suggest less brain growth and developmental delay in childhood after multiple doses of steroids. A National Institutes of Health consensus conference on antenatal steroids recommended that only a single course of steroids be used and that the use of subsequent courses be limited to patients in research studies that address this question. Several clinical trials tested weekly repeated courses of steroids versus a single course. A Cochrane review concluded that repeated courses may result in a modest reduction in neonatal respiratory distress syndrome. A reasonable compromise is the use of a "rescue course" of steroids-that is, a single repeat course targeted at those most likely to deliver within a week. During a review of the perinatal outcomes for premature infants at your hospital, the nurse manager for the intensive care nursery inquires whether there is an effective method to detect women at risk for premature delivery before they present in active preterm labor. Many strategies have been used to identify patients who are destined to deliver prematurely. Risk assessment scoring using the modified Creasy score (Table 3-3) or other similar systems works well in some populations but not in others. The Creasy score looks at a series of variables in an attempt to define clinical indicators that are likely to result in preterm labor. A major limitation of most clinical risk scoring systems is that they rely heavily on a history of preterm birth in a prior pregnancy, yet the majority of preterm births occur in women without such a history. Endovaginal ultrasound screening can detect cervical shortening several weeks before the onset of preterm labor in some patients. If a short cervix is found at 18 to 24 weeks, treatment with vaginal progesterone therapy reduces the risk of preterm birth by 40% to 50%. Fetal fibronectin screening can identify a subgroup of women at high risk for preterm birth, but there is no known therapy that will consistently prevent preterm delivery in women with positive fibronectin screening. National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Maternal-Fetal Medicine Units Network. The preterm prediction study: can low-risk women destined for spontaneous preterm birth be identified Since 2003, there have been over a dozen trials evaluating prophylactic use of progesterone agents, either vaginal or oral micronized progesterone or intramuscular 17-hydroxyprogesterone caproate (17Pc). In women with prior preterm birth, weekly 17Pc reduced the recurrence of preterm birth by 33% to 45% and vaginal micronized progesterone showed similar benefit in one large trial but not another. In women with short cervix detected by endovaginal ultrasound screening, vaginal micronized progesterone reduced early preterm delivery by 40% to 50% in two large trials. Several trials showed that these agents are not effective in twin or triplet pregnancies. Prevention of recurrent preterm delivery by 17 alpha-hydroxyprogesterone caproate. Prophylactic administration of progesterone by vaginal suppository to reduce the incidence of spontaneous preterm birth in women at increased risk: a randomized placebo-controlled doubleblind study. Vaginal progesterone reduces the rate of preterm birth in women with a sonographic short cervix: a multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Why are monozygotic twins considered to be at higher risk for complications than dizygotic twins Monozygotic twins (identical twins) arise from the division of a single fertilized egg. Depending on the timing of the division of the single ovum into separate embryos, the amnionic and chorionic membranes can be shared (if division occurs more than 8 days after fertilization), separate (if it occurs less than 72 hours after fertilization), or mixed (separate amnion, shared chorion if 4 to 8 days after fertilization). Sharing of the chorion, amnion, or both is associated with potential problems of vascular anastomoses (and possible twin-twin transfusion), cord entanglements, and congenital anomalies. Dizygotic twins, however, result from two separately fertilized ova and, as such, usually have a separate amnion and chorion. Multiple births are associated with an increased risk of problems during pregnancy. Preterm labor, twin-twin transfusion, developmental abnormalities, discordant growth, congenital malformations, fetal crowding syndrome, and several other abnormalities are all more common. Few terms evoke more trepidation from obstetricians and neonatologists (particularly in a court room, not to mention the delivery room) than perinatal asphyxia. The term perinatal asphyxia, however, is so vague and so arbitrarily applied that it is virtually meaningless. One is strictly the presence of hypoxia and metabolic acidosis, and the other includes the presence of metabolic acidosis and organ damage. Why has the term nonreassuring fetal status been used to replace the term fetal distress in practice A fetal heart rate strip showing late decelerations of the heart rate following intrauterine contractions. The term perinatal asphyxia applies to relatively few pregnancies, yet it commonly makes its way into medical records with some degree of regularity. Many obstetricians teach their patients to assess fetal movement regularly in the latter half of pregnancy. If reactivity standards are not met, the tracing is considered nonreactive and a second period of 20 minutes may be observed to eliminate the possibility of fetal sleep. The former method may be quicker and removes the need to establish an intravenous infusion; the latter is the traditional, time-honored technique. Results are interpreted the same, regardless of the method of inducing contractions. In a positive test result, in which there are late decelerations, the risk of mortality and morbidity for the fetus increases, with some reports of mortality as high as 15%. In such situations the obstetrician often faces a difficult decision of how aggressively to proceed with delivery of the fetus because the cervix may not be in a favorable condition at that time, and a cesarean section may be required. If the test results are equivocal, it may be reasonable to wait an additional 24 hours to repeat the test. The reason for this is that the loss of fetal movement, and thus reactivity, occurs very late in the process of fetal deterioration and death. Waveform analysis of umbilical artery flow using ultrasound-guided Doppler warns the clinician of increased resistance to flow within the placenta. When the situation is severe enough, the flow during diastole either becomes absent or goes in the reverse direction, indicating marked resistance to flow. This form of testing is principally of value in the severely growth-restricted fetus and can give a very early warning of impending fetal demise. The goal of all pregnancies is the preservation of maternal well-being while delivering a healthy neonate. To this end, assessment of the fetus is one of the most important aspects of care during pregnancy. Although techniques for fetal evaluation have greatly contributed to improved outcomes, no technique is infallible and each should be considered only as a single additional piece of information. Virtually all drugs cross the placenta to some degree, but few produce any significant problems for either the fetus or the neonate. Large organic ions such as heparin and insulin do not cross the placenta and are therefore safe. Valproic acid may cause neural tube defects, and diphenylhydantoin is associated with fetal hydantoin syndrome. The effects of other psychotropic agents on the fetus appear minimal, but some cases of teratogenesis have been reported, especially with some benzodiazepines. The critical issue that remains unresolved, however, is whether these drugs alter the development of the maturing fetal central nervous system.
Heuvelmans coined the word cryptozoology ("study of hidden animals") impotence prozac discount 200mg avana fast delivery, and in 1975 injections for erectile dysfunction after prostate surgery generic 200mg avana overnight delivery, he established the Center for Cryptozoology in France erectile dysfunction guidelines 2014 generic avana 50mg on-line. In 1982 he helped found the International Society for Cryptozoology erectile dysfunction from diabetes treatment for buy avana 50mg otc, serving as its first president. Here are the categories of Sea-Serpents proposed by Heuvelmans, incorporating some more recent analyses by Loren Coleman, Patrick Huyghe, and Bruce Champagne. But starting around 200 years ago, a few researchers have attempted to compile and categorize reports of different sightings and create systems of classification. The story of the Sea-Serpent cannot be told without mentioning these pioneers in the field. Long-Necked or Megalotaria longicollis ("giant sea lion with a long neck") - A 15- to 65-foot-long, plesiosaur-like creature with a long neck, several humps, and the ability to move in vertical undulations. The head has a distinctive horse-like or "cameloid" appearance, and hair and whiskers have been reported. Partially based on the Leptocephalus giganteus larvae, later found to be normal sized. Heuvelmans theorized eel, synbranchid, and elasmobranch identities as possibilities. Marine Saurian-A 50- to 60-foot-long crocodile or crocodile-like animal (Mosasaur, Pliosaur, and so on). Possibly an Estuarine Crocodile (Crocodylus porosus) a long way from its Indonesian and Northern Australian habitat. Merhorse or Halshippus olai-magni ("sea-horse of Olaus Magnus")-A 30- to 60-foot-long, medium-necked, large-eyed, horse-headed pinniped. Ian Daniels Sightings According to Categories Long-Necked Sailing off the west coast of Africa in 1893, the steamship Umfuli had a famous encounter with a longnecked Sea-Serpent. Cringle added: "I saw full 15 feet of its head and neck on three several occasions. The body, from which the neck sprang, was much thicker than the neck itself, and I should not, therefore, call it a serpent. Many-Humped or Plurigibbosus novae-angliae ("many-humped thing from New England")-A 15- to 65-foot-long, medium-necked, long-bodied archeocetacean (ancient whale) such as Zueglodon (Basilosaurus). Found only in the North Atlantic, it has a series of humps or a crest along the spine like that of a sperm or grey whale. Found in the western Atlantic, Indian, and Pacific oceans, this creature is also known as the Great Sea Centipede. It had a neck some 8 feet long, a big round body, a mean looking tail and an evil, snaky look to its head. Graham of the trawler Viv sighted a "long, hairy, tan-colored creature, with the head of an overgrown horse, about 40 244 feet long, and with a 4 foot waist measure. He had glassy eyes and a bent snout that he used to push a 20-pound halibut off our lines and into his mouth. Their most common feature is the shape of their heads, usually said to resemble that of a camel or horse. It became known as the Gloucester Sea-Serpent or the Great New England Sea-Serpent, and was officially named Scoliophis atlanticus. It was about ten rods [175 feet] from the ship, the sea was perfectly calm, and that part which appeared out of water was about 60 feet in length. The head and protuberances of the Serpent were similar to the representations which have frequently been given of him by persons who had seen him. He was visible about seven minutes to the passengers and crew, who were on deck at the time. A certificate has been drawn up and signed by the passengers which, with a drawing made by one of the gentlemen, gives a minute description of the Serpent as seen by them. The number and credibility of the witnesses place beyond all doubt the existence of such an animal. Mattison, 1897 A gigantic Sea-Serpent has been reported for more than 70 years off the coast of Cadboro Bay, British Colombia, Canada. The first reported sighting was in 1933, by a Victoria lawyer and his wife cruising in their yacht. It is consistently described as a long, serpent-like beast with flippers, a horselike mane, and a camel-like head. In 1933, two fishermen saw two monsters in the bay, one about 60 feet long and the other half that size. The monster rose out of the water, swallowed the duck, snapped at some gulls, and then submerged. Following in the tradition of Nessie, locals affectionately dubbed their local monster Cadborosaurus Willsi, or "Caddy. A similar creature, reported from 1777 into the 1950s, was the Casco Bay Sea-Serpent of Maine, affectionately dubbed "Cassie. Gloucester Sea-Serpent, 1817-1818 In 1883, Tan Van Con discovered an enormous, centipede-like creature washed up on the coast of Along Bay, Vietnam. Called Con Rit ("centipede"), it was 60 feet long and 3 feet wide, dark brown on top and yellow underneath, and had a segmented body comprised of 3-by-2-foot chitinous hexagonal segments. Nothing else like it has ever been found, and its zoological identity remains a mystery. A more likely candidate might be the ribbon-like Oarfish (Regalecus glesne), of which specimens up to 56 feet long have been reported. In 1930, a 6-foot-long eel larva (leptocephalus) was caught off the Cape of Good Hope, South Africa, by a trawler called the Dana. The leptocephalus of a common eel (genus: Anguilla) measures only 3 inches long, and matures at about 4 feet long. Because this leptocephalus was 24 times larger than that of n anguilla, estimates of its adult length ranged from 20 to 180 feet long. How- Con Rit may be a gigantic isopod or an undiscovered form of aquatic chilopoda (centipede). The biggest known living species is the Amazonian Giant Centipede (Scolopendra gigantea), which attains 14 inches in length. Super Eels An enormous, eel-like Sea-Serpent was seen by the crew of the British frigate Daedalus on her passage from the East Indies through the Cape of Good Hope in the year 1848. About 300 miles off the coast of what is now Namibia, a Sea-Serpent passed just 100 yards from the ship. The diameter of the serpent was about 15 or 16 inches behind the head, which was, without any doubt, that of a snake. Giant leptocephalus caught by Dana, 1930 ever, several similarly-shaped leptocephali belong to the group called Spiny Eels (Notacanths and Halosaurs). These larvae-called Leptocephalus giganteus-have been witnessed transforming into their adult stages, during which they gain very little length compared to true eels. The Dana larvae is still bigger than any of the known ones; however, this specimen also had an abnormally large number of vertebrae in its spine, a number which only a Snipe Eel (Nemichthyidae) can match. Because snipe eels reach only 5 feet in length, the Dana larvae was probably a postlarval snipe eel of unusually large proportions. After torpedoing the British steamer Iberian in the North Atlantic, the submarine crew saw a gigantic unknown aquatic animal thrown up by the explosion. Called the New Harbor Sea-Serpent, its elongated body was only 10 inches wide, and it had a pair of small fins behind its flat head. The upper portion of the skull extended over its narrow mouth, which contained two rows of sharp teeth. It had three sets of uncovered gills, a small, triangular dorsal fin, and an eel-like tail. According to eminent ichthyologist Spencer Baird, the description of this fish closely resembles the serpentine Frilled Shark (Chlamydoselachus AnFig. Stronsa Beast Curious Carcasses Part of what has contributed to the legend of SeaSerpents over the centuries has been the physical evidence of monstrous carcasses occasionally discovered washed up on beaches. Invariably in an advanced state of decay, they have appeared to resemble no known living animal. Many seem to have the long thin necks, wide bodies, and four flippers of Cretaceousera plesiosaurs, thus supporting such a popular identification for sightings of both long-necked Sea-Serpents and Lake-Monsters.
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