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Observation is the most common treatment strategy women's health center riverside hospital generic 60mg evista, that is useful for patients who are poor candidates for hearing preservation surgery womens health and surgery center cheap 60 mg evista otc. One of these non-cancerous cell types is a brain macrophage-like cell (microglia) menstruation not stopping order evista 60mg with visa, which helps mediate glioma formation women's health vernon nj generic evista 60 mg with visa, maintenance, and vision loss. Gutmann will present new data on the immunological circuitry that orchestrates glioma development and progression. As such, very few molecular studies have been performed previously, and little is known about cooperating genetic alterations or other molecular features that may correlate with their heterogeneous clinical behaviour. The maximum diameter of the optic nerves and optic tracts along with the width and height of the optic chiasm were measured from the T1 sequence using our semi-automated algorithm. Different risk factors for visual deterioration have been characterised such as age, involvement of the posterior optic tracts, optic disc pallor and female sex. Treating patients that present with visual deterioration or optic disk pallor may be at high risk for further visual loss, but might already have arrived at a stage of disease that may not be salvaged. Treating children early in the course of disease might perhaps increase the chances of visual improvement, but would risk to treat patients that might not show further progression. Future trial designs should therefore not only compare different treatment arms but also investigate patient selection criteria. Individual examples show that replacement of these methods by ex-vivo splicing assays using mini-gene constructs should be critically evaluated as they man not (fully) reflect the natural situation. Substitution of cysteine residues suggest that multiple cysteine residues are palmitoylated, but palmitoylation at C426 seems to be most important for membrane localization. Imaging was fully acquired in 24/30 subjects (placebo N=15/16; simvastatin, N=11/14). Autism symptom response was seen in 3/12 (25%) simvastatin cases compared to none in placebo. Full List of Authors: Stavros Stivaros*, Shruti Garg*, Maria Tziraki, Ying Cai, Owen Thomas, Joseph Mellor, Andrew A. Haroon, Daniela Montaldi, Nicholas Webb, John Keane, Francisco Castellanos, Alcino J. This syndrome presents with a clinical phenotype similar to Neurofibromatosis type 1, however milder. A mouse model for Legius syndrome, the Spred1 knockout mouse, recapitulates learning deficits seen in this syndrome. Spred1 knockout mice exhibited deficits across a range of social behavior tests compared with their wildtype littermate controls, including impairments in social dominance and social communication. Spred1 knockout mice also exhibit abnormal response to novelty in several behavioral tasks. Borrie1, Ellen Plasschaert1, Ype Elgersma2, Steven Kushner2, Akihiko Yoshimura3, Eric Legius1. Full List of Authors: Peter de Blank*1, Nan Li2, Michael Fisher3, Nicole Ullrich4, Smita Bhatia5, Yutaka Yasui2, Charles Sklar6, Wendy Leisenring7, Rebecca Howell8, Kevin Oeffinger9, Kristina Hardy10, M. Results: To date, 658 individuals have participated in the survey, with 76% being completed in full. Less than 10% of respondents have participated in cognitive research, while upwards of 50% indicated that they have sought out opportunities for cognitive research. Over 80% of respondents believe that cognitive research is very/extremely important. The top two areas that respondents indicated should be funded were learning/academics and emotional functioning. The respondents willingness to participate in certain areas of research mimicked their ranking of funding (learning/academic and emotional), with some differences between respondents. These results also highlight that the respondents consider academically based problems and emotional challenges to be research priorities, which may or may not align with research foci in the scientific community. Six recurrent missense or one-amino-acid deletion pathogenic variants occur with a prevalence of minimum 0. Results and relevance: the prevalence of the following features shows statistically significant results between cohorts carrying one of six different pathogenic variants analyzed: Noonan-like features, pulmonic stenosis, externally visible plexiform neurofibromas, cutaneous neurofibromas, symptomatic spinal neurofibromas and optic pathway gliomas. We subsequently investigated if specific genetic determinants affect the cognitive phenotype. The "phenotype first" approach is a traditional and proven one in clinical cancer genetics, and historically has been very productive in linking phenotype with germline variation. However, risk estimates derived from phenotype-linked ascertainment likely 1) over-estimate syndrome severity and penetrance, 2) miss non-penetrant risk-variant carriers, 3) miss rare or unknown manifestations of disease and 4) give an incomplete picture of the phenotypic spectrum, especially at older ages. Drosophila was used to rapidly assess the residual function of dNf1 transgenes bearing corresponding mutations from patients. The approach relies on the fact that the majority of amino acids mutated in human neurofibromin are conserved in Drosophila, allowing us to correlate cellular and molecular phenotypes to specific mutations in different regions of neurofibromin. To determine whether mutations in transgenic neurofibromin alter protein interactions, we have used affinity purification and mass spectrometry. Altered subcellular localization of mutant transgenic neurofibromin in fly neurons was assessed using confocal microscopy. Results: Germline, Nf1 deficient female rats exhibited early, penetrant mammary adenocarcinoma. The observed breast cancer phenotype was more penetrant but not exclusive to the nonsense mutant lines. Nonsense mutations exhibited significantly diminished survival compared to missense mutant lines. Estrogen-dependence was verified by estrogen-ablation in Nf1 rats where rapid tumor regression was observed (mean 4. We also identified distinct neurofibromin protein isoforms in mammary tissue that were altered during tumorigenesis. Alternative splice variants at mutant Nf1 loci correlated with diminshed survival among isogenic strains. Evidence of modifier genes was provided by animal models and intra-familial phenotypic correlations. Our study will be completed by identification of the specific modifier genes and their functional studies in relevant cellular models by genome editing approaches. The platform also rests on a "Mouse Hospital" infrastructure, which is equipped as a human hospital, if not better, to perform experimental clinical trials in mouse models of disease, exactly as they would be run in the human hospital. In the "Co-Clinical" Approach for Cancer Therapy optimization, mouse models of cancer, which are representative of the diversity of human cancer, are treated with the same drug, and following the very same clinical protocol offered to human patients enrolled in experimental clinical trials in the human hospital. This allows for "mice-to-human-to mouse" stratification and cross-validation of response and resistance to specific treatment modalities, and for the identification of effective therapies that overcome such resistance. Tumor growth requires permissive and enhancing, but also restricting factors since the size of the tumors typically does not exceed few centimeters. The majority of the neurofibroma cells can adhere to this framework which in turn has the potential to influence their gene expression profiles. Immunity has a central and complex role in tumor growth, which is utilized when developing new treatment modalities for tumors. Transformed cells are normally eradicated by cooperation of innate and adaptive immune cells. Mast cells are increasingly more interesting as druggable targets in tumor biology and neurogenic itch. Macrophages and mast cells infiltrate neurofibroma, and data from mouse models implicate these leukocytes in neurofibroma development. Anti-inflammatory therapy targeting these cell populations has been suggested as a means to prevent neurofibroma development. Global deletion of the Cxcl10 receptor Cxcr3 prevented neurofibroma development in these neurofibroma-prone mice. Plexiform neurofibromas are highly vascularized tumors that can progress to malignancy. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the protein content of exosomes derived from dermal fibroblasts and validate their effect on endothelial cells and angiogenesis. Exosomes produced for 72h from fibroblast sheets were isolated using a commercial kit and exosome concentration and size were evaluated with a nanosizer.
The use of this technique in emergencies needs further rigorous evaluation breast cancer estrogen positive buy cheap evista 60 mg line, but in the mean time it seems to be the best method for data collection in urban areas that have been devastated by war or natural disaster menopause lower back pain discount evista 60mg overnight delivery. This number corresponds to the household that is the departure point for the selection of individuals in the cluster pregnancy ultrasound at 5 weeks evista 60 mg free shipping. If several clusters have been selected in one section breast cancer chemo drugs evista 60mg, the same operation is repeated from the centre of the section. Note: When possible, systematic sampling should be chosen by preference over cluster sampling. It is easier to carry out and, above all, is more rapid (one is able to obtain a precision of results equivalent to cluster sampling, but with a much smaller sample size). When displaced populations are at the centre of the humanitarian emergency, similar data should be collected on their place of origin. In the field, data should be collected through interviews with community leaders, heads of households, health workers and individuals. Survey questionnaires in sampled dwellings should include the number, age and sex of family members and the number of pregnant and lactating women. The average number of persons per dwelling visited and the total number of dwellings in the camp or settlement should be calculated. The choice of the retrospective time period used to calculate mortality rates will depend on which critical event(s) influencing mortality have to be included in the survey estimate. It will also depend on cultural events that stand out in the memories of those interviewed. A balance must be struck between expectations of greater precision (requiring longer recall periods) and avoidance of recall bias. Approximate daily death rates should be calculated daily or weekly, depending on the severity of the emergency. After the acute phase is over, a properly designed emergency surveillance system should provide more accurate morbidity data (see Chapter 3). Information must also be obtained from key informants such as local officials and United Nations, international and nongovernmental organizations. A summary of the essential information to be collected during a rapid assessment is given in Table 1. User-friendly language and graphs make complex data and trends easier to understand. Results should be presented according to a standard format so they can be compared with other assessments. Clear recommendations should be made to implementing organizations, giving highest priority needs. The rapid assessment report must be: Standardized Action-oriented and prioritized Widely distributed Copies of the report should be distributed to all organizations involved in the emergency response. Donors are often under political pressure in the first few days after an emergency to demonstrate support by their government and have access to funds. Mortality rates, causes of death, and health status among displaced and resident populations of Kabul, Afghanistan. Cluster sampling to assess vaccination coverage: a review of experience with a simplified sampling method. Evaluation of two Kurdish refugee camps in Iran, May 1991: the value of cluster sampling in producing priorities and policy. Mortality in eastern Democratic Republic of Congo: results from eleven mortality surveys. The selection of sites must be well planned to avoid risk factors for communicable disease transmission, such as overcrowding, poor hygiene, vector breeding sites and lack of adequate shelter. Such conditions favour the transmission of diseases such as measles, meningitis and cholera. Usually, the most suitable land is already occupied by the local population, leaving less desirable areas available to refugees or displaced people. Critical factors to consider when planning a site are: water availability, means of transport, access to fuel, access to fertile soil and for security reasons, a sufficient distance from national borders or frontlines. In order to reduce such risks it is essential that site selection, planning and organization be undertaken as soon as possible. Preference should be given to gently sloping, well drained sites on fertile soil with tree cover, sheltered from strong winds. Local expertise and knowledge of the biology of the vectors should be considered, such as avoiding forested hills in some Asian countries where vectors proliferate. If not already sufficiently documented by national and local health services, the epidemiological characteristics of the area need to be assessed quickly. The following criteria should be considered when assessing site suitability; other criteria may also be relevant in specific situations. Water supply the availability of an adequate amount of safe water throughout the year has proved in practice to be the single most important criterion for site location. The water source should be close enough to avoid transporting water by trucks, pumping it over long distances or walking long distances to collect insufficient quantities. Space There must be enough space for the present number of emergency-affected population, with provision for future influxes and for amenities such as water and sanitation facilities, food distribution centres, storage sites, hospitals, clinics and reception centres. Topography and drainage Gently sloping sites above the flood level is preferred in order to provide natural drainage. Flat areas, depressions, swamp, river banks and lakeshore sites should be avoided. Soil conditions the soil type affects sanitation, water pipelines, road and building construction, drainage and the living environment (in terms of dust and mud). Trees and plants provide shade, help to prevent soil erosion, allow recharge of the groundwater supplies and help in reducing dust. It may sometimes be necessary, however, to destroy poisonous trees or plants, for example where populations are accustomed to collecting berries or mushrooms. Security the site chosen should be in a safe area, sufficiently distant from national borders and combat areas. Local population the use of land for a camp can cause friction with local farmers, herdsmen, nomads and landowners. Some potential sites may have special ritual or spiritual significance to local people, and site selection must respect the wishes of the local population. Streams or rivers used for bathing and laundry may cause pollution far downstream; water abstraction will reduce flow rates. Indiscriminate defecation in the early stages may also pollute water supplies used by the local population. It is important to liaise closely with the local forestry department to control indiscriminate felling and collection. The site plan should be sufficiently flexible to allow for a greater than expected influx of people. Overdevelopment of some areas of the site must be avoided as it can cause health problems, especially for people who come from sparsely populated environments. Tribal, ethnic or religious differences may exist within the camp population or between this population and the local people, or such groupings may develop or be strengthened with time. In severely overcrowded, spontaneously settled camps it may be very difficult to achieve the recommended figures during the initial emergency phase and realistic compromises will have to be made. Nevertheless, the figures provide the basis for planning and are the targets at which to aim.
A structural curvature is present in all positions ucsf mount zion women's health clinic proven evista 60 mg, and can be straightened only with surgery menstruation twice in a month generic 60mg evista otc. The physician should provide information about the degree and location of the curvature menopause 8 months no period buy evista 60 mg fast delivery. When the mobility of the spine is an issue women's health center san francisco buy generic evista 60mg line, the physician or an experienced physical therapist needs to evaluate the participant to determine if there is enough functional mobility to participate in mounted or driving activities. The cause of scoliosis can be unknown or it can be due to other musculoskeletal abnormalities, such as unequal leg lengths. Spinal fixation or internal stabilization is when the spine is stabilized surgically with hardware. Some fixations accompany spinal cord injury and there will be muscular weakness of the trunk as well. When some spinal segments are immobilized, the movement of the equine causes increased relative movement at the spinal segments immediately above and below. The excessive movement could create or contribute to the degeneration of the spine. Additionally, the vertical concussion and compression forces that occur during vigorous walking, trotting or riding in a carriage may increase the risk of dislodging internal rods or wiring. A fall from four to six feet may have greater impact than the immobilized spine can withstand. Therefore, it is essential to consult with the physician regarding riding/driving activities. The physician should base this decision on knowledge of the specific activities in which the participant will be involved, including risk of falls. Standards for Certification & Accreditation 2018 219 Spinal Instability/Abnormalities the integrity of the spinal cord is at risk when the spine is unstable. Instability can be due to disease, congenital deformity, bony abnormality or injury. Abnormalities may include spinal stenosis, vertebral spurring or other conditions that compromise the function of the spine. Orthopedic or neurologic consult for location and degree of spinal dysfunction and positional or activity precautions is essential. The orthosis can be made of soft or hard material and is designed in many different lengths. The pertinent concern is whether the brace allows the participant sufficient mobility to move with the equine with a relaxed, stable, upright posture and without interfering with the movement or the comfort of the equine. If unsure of the effects on the equine, carefully observe how the client is positioned and how they move when astride. A licensed/credentialed therapist/health professional with experience and training in equine activities, the Professional Association of Therapeutic Horsemanship International Instructor, the physician/orthopedist and the participant or family need to make an informed decision as to whether equine activities are appropriate for the client or the equine. The orthotist may also be consulted for possible alternative bracing if necessary (see Equipment). Standards for Certification & Accreditation 2018 Spina Bifida Spina bifida (myelomeningocele, spina bifida cystica and myelodysplasia) is a congenital deficit in the structure of the vertebrae. The spinal cord and its protective membranes (meninges) protrude through this defect. Spina bifida is diagnosed at birth by the presence of an external sac on the back and is most common in the lumbar region. If necessary, surgery is usually performed within days after birth to close the spinal defect and cover the sac to prevent infection. The primary problems associated with spina bifida are trunk and/or lower extremity paralysis, loss of sensation and hydrocephalus (see Hydrocephalus). Spina bifida occulta is a less severe abnormality of the vertebrae, without motor or sensory deficits or hydrocephalus. All of these conditions can cause the appearance or worsening of neurologic symptoms. Therefore, the Professional Association of Therapeutic Horsemanship International Instructor and therapists need to watch the participant for the symptoms for each (see following entries). This condition prevents the spinal cord from moving freely as the participant moves, bends and grows. There can be interference to the blood supply to the spinal cord, resulting in malfunction or permanent injury to the spinal cord cells. All children with repaired myelomeningocele are at risk for tethered cord but only a few become symptomatic. Those at greatest risk are children with low-level defects, good lower extremity function and those who can walk. The appearance or worsening of spasticity As noted under spina bifida, an initial baseline assessment by the program instructor and therapist is essential, as is periodic re-evaluation. If a symptomatic tethered cord is not corrected promptly with surgery, additional permanent loss of function can occur. The result is compression of the brain stem and obstruction of cerebral spinal fluid. It occurs in 85 to 99 percent of children born with spina bifida and hydrocephalus, but only about 20 to 30 percent develop symptoms. Respiratory distress such as noisy congested breathing, difficult breathing and retraction rather than expansion of the chest as air is inhaled 2. Stridor, which is harsh croupy noise while breathing, or cyanosis, which is a bluish tinge around the mouth and fingernails indicating a lack of oxygen 4. Older children may show symptoms of arm weakness, respiratory distress and stridor. The child with spina bifida needs careful evaluation as well as monitoring and re-evaluation. The mobilization and compression of the spine that occur during seated mounted activities affect the head and neck. Standards for Certification & Accreditation 2018 main causes of death in the older child with spina bifida. Associated with Spina Bifida Hydromyelia Hydromyelia is an abnormal amount of fluid in the spinal cord that increases pressure on the nerves, causing weakness. Repair of the hydrocephalic shunt or surgical drainage of the hydromyelia usually prevents the scoliosis from worsening. The participant may need a shunt in the spinal cord to properly drain the hydromyelia. Therefore, monitor the participant for symptoms at each session and re-evaluate frequently. Causes include rupture of an artery or embolus or blood clot that occludes an artery. The participant who has had a stroke is usually affected more on one side of the body than the other. The participant may experience movement difficulties (hemiplegia), sensory impairments, visual deficits, altered muscle tone (either increased or decreased), speech problems, inability to understand others, perceptual and/or cognitive deficits. Stroke itself is rarely a contraindication to equine activities, but there may exist associated medical problems that will need further investigation prior to participation. These may include seizure activity, uncontrolled high blood pressure, sensory loss, known aneurysm or artery blockage. Included with this are withdrawal reactions that can manifest as physical or behavioral difficulties and can in some instances be life threatening. Note: Certain controlled substances may be prescribed for some participants for medical reasons, sometimes in large doses. These participants are rarely at risk for abuse and, in fact, need these medications for pain or symptom control.
Syndromes
I stress this point because it must be remembered that in all relationships between man and some other animal womens health facebook cheap 60 mg evista free shipping, especially when that animal is a dolphin breast cancer nail designs buy 60 mg evista with mastercard, a very large proportion of the behavior of both organisms is determined by this kind of ineffectiveness women's health clinic killeen discount evista 60 mg otc. When I view the behavior of dolphins as communication menopause zoloft discount evista 60 mg online, the mammalian label implies, for me, something very definite. When the puppy asks for milk, she presses down with her open mouth on the back of his neck, crushing him down to the ground. In the wolf this function is not confined to the mother, but is performed by adults of both sexes. The pack leader of the Chicago pack is a magnificent male animal who endlessly patrols the acre of land to which the pack is confined. He moves with a beautiful trot that appears tireless, while the other eight or nine members of the pack spend most of their time dozing. When the females come in heat they usually proposition the leader, bumping against him with their rear ends. Usually, however, he does not respond, though he does act to prevent other males from getting the females. As in the other Canidae, the male wolf is locked in the female, unable to withdraw his penis, and this animal was helpless. The film shows that he pressed down the head of the offending male four times with his open jaws and then simply walked away. What the pack leader does is not describable, or only insufficiently described, in S-R terms. He asserts or affirms the nature of the relationship between himself and the other. Let me offer a more familiar example to help bring home to you the generality of this view, which is by no means orthodox among 371 ethologists. What she does is to make movements and sounds that are characteristically those that a kitten makes to a mother cat. It is the necessity for this deductive step which marks the difference between preverbal mammalian communication and both the communication of bees and the languages of men. What was extraordinary-the great new thing-in the evolution of human language was not the discovery of abstraction or generalization, but the discovery of how to be specific about something other than relationship. Indeed, this discovery, though it has been achieved, has scarcely affected the behavior even of human beings. Be that as it may, my first expectation in studying dolphin communication is that it will prove to have the general mammalian characteristic of being primarily about relationship. This premise is in itself perhaps sufficient to account for the sporadic development of large brains among mammals. We need not complain that, as elephants do not talk and whales invent no mousetraps, these creatures are not overtly intelligent. We may, 372 then, reasonably expect to find a high complexity of communication about relationship among the Cetacea. Because they are mammals, we may expect that their communication will be about, and primarily in terms of, patterns and contingencies of relationship. Be-cause they are social and large-brained, we may expect a high degree of complexity in their communication. Methodological Considerations the above hypothesis introduces very special difficulties into the problem of how to test what is called the "psychology". A simple discrimination experiment, such as has been run in the Lilly laboratories, and no doubt elsewhere, involves a series of steps: (1) the dolphin may or may not perceive a difference between the stimulus objects, X and Y. Success in the first three steps merely provides the dolphin with a further choice point. Consider the arguments that are conventionally based upon experiments of this kind. We say, "If the animal was able to achieve step 2 in our experiment, then he must have been able to achieve step 1. If it is capable, then all arguments about steps 1 through 3 will be 373 invalidated unless appropriate methods of controlling step 4 are built into the experimental design. Curiously enough, though human beings are fully capable of step 4, psychologists working with human subjects have been able to study steps 1 through 3 without taking special care to exclude the confusions introduced by this fact. If the human subject is "cooperative and sane," he usually responds to the testing situation by repressing most of his impulses to modify his behavior according to his personal view of his relationship to the experimenter. The words cooperative and sane imply a degree of consistency at the level of step 4. The psychologist operates by a sort of petitio principii: if the subject is cooperative and sane. The problem of method becomes entirely different when the subject is noncooperative, psychopathic, schizophrenic, a naughty child, or a dolphin. Perhaps the most fascinating characteristic of this animal is derived precisely from his ability to operate at this relatively high level, an ability that is still to be demonstrated. From conversations with these highly skilled people -trainers of both dolphins and guide dogs-my impression is that the first requirement of a trainer is that he must be able to prevent the animal from exerting choice at the level of step 4. It must continually be made clear to the animal that, when he knows what is the right thing to do in a given context, that is the only thing he can do, and no nonsense about it. In other words, it is a primary condition of circus success that the animal shall abrogate the use of certain higher levels of his intelligence. I regard the conscious intelligence 374 as the greatest ornament of the human mind. But many authorities, from the Zen masters to Sigmund Freud, have stressed the ingenuity of the less conscious and perhaps more archaic level. Communication About Relationship As I said earlier, I expect dolphin communication to be of an almost totally unfamiliar kind. As mammals, we are familiar with, though largely unconscious of, the habit of communicating about our relationships. Like other terrestrial mammals, we do most of our communicating on this subject by means of kinesic and paralinguistic signals, such as bodily movements, involuntary tensions of voluntary muscles, changes of facial expression, hesitations, shifts in tempo of speech or movement, overtones of the voice, and irregularities of respiration. If you want to know what the bark of a dog "means," you look at his lips, the hair on the back of his neck, his tail, and so on. These "expressive" parts of his body tell you at what object of the environment he is barking, and what patterns of relationship to that object he is likely to follow in the next few seconds. In all mammals, the organs of sense become also organs for the transmission of messages about relationship. A blind man makes us uncomfortable, not because he cannot see that is his problem and we are only dimly aware of it-but because he does not transmit to us through the movement of his eyes the messages we expect and need so that we may know and be sure of the state of our relationship to him. Perhaps it is this lack in us which makes the communication of dolphins seem mysterious and opaque, but I suspect a more 375 profound explanation. Even the cervical vertebrae are fused into a solid block in many species, and evolution has streamlined the body, sacrificing the expressiveness of separate parts to the locomotion of the whole. Moreover, conditions of life in the sea are such that even if a dolphin had a mobile face, the details of his expression would be visible to other dolphins only at rather short range, even in the clearest waters. It is reasonable, then, to suppose that in these animals vocalization has taken over the communicative functions that most animals perform by facial expression, wagging tails, clenched fists, supinated hands, flaring nostrils, and the like. We might say that the whale is the communicational opposite of the giraffe; it has no neck, but has a voice. This speculation alone would make the communication of dolphins a subject of great theoretical interest. It would be fascinating, for example, to know whether or not, in an evolutionary shift from kinesics to vocalization, the same general structure of categories is retained. My own impression-and it is only an impression unsupported by testing-is that the hypothesis that dolphins have substituted paralinguistics for kinesics does not quite fit in with my experience when I listen to their sounds. We terrestrial mammals are familiar with paralinguistic communication; we use it ourselves in grunts and groans, laughter and sobbing, modulations of breath while speaking, and so on. Therefore we do not find the paralinguistic sounds of other mammals totally opaque. We learn rather easily to recognize in them certain kinds of greeting, pathos, rage, persuasion, and territoriality, though our guesses may often be wrong. But when we hear the sounds of dolphins we cannot even guess at their significance. I do not quite trust the hunch that would explain the sounds of dolphins as merely an elaboration of the paralinguistics of other mammals. I try to convince you, try to get you to see things my way, try to earn your respect, try to indicate my respect for you, challenge you, and so on.
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