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STUDENT DIGITAL NEWSLETTER ALAGAPPA INSTITUTIONS |
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Yassine Daoud, M.D.
https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/profiles/results/directory/profile/0020459/yassine-daoud
Keratin filaments medications zanx buy discount rulide 150mg line, hemidesmosomes treatment keratosis pilaris 150mg rulide sale, lamina lucida symptoms inner ear infection cheap 150 mg rulide, lamina densa symptoms detached retina cheap rulide 150 mg on-line, anchoring filaments, and anchoring fibrils each function to maintain different levels of basement membrane adhesion. A variety of inherited mechanobullous diseases (epidermolysis bullosa) as well as autoimmune bullous diseases (pemphigoid, herpes gestationis, bullous systemic lupus erythematosus) involve separation and bullous formation at various levels of the dermoepidermal junction. Two to 3 million eccrine sweat glands distributed over all parts of the body surface participate in thermoregulation by producing hypotonic sweat that evaporates during heat or emotional stress. Each gland is a simple tubule with a coiled secretory segment deep in the dermis and a straight 2265 Figure 519-3 Structures and diseases of the dermoepidermal junction. Apocrine sweat glands in the axillae, circumanal and perineal areas, external auditory canals, and areolae of the breasts secrete viscid, milky material that accounts for axillary odor when bacteria degrade the secretion. Presumably, they are the vestigial remnants of lower species that communicate by cutaneous chemicals. Hair units, or pilosebaceous appendages, are found over the entire skin surface except on the palms, soles, and glans penis. Hair follicles consist of a shaft surrounded by an epithelial sheath continuous with the epidermis, the sebaceous gland, and the arrector pili smooth muscle. The bulb contains the proliferating pool of undifferentiated cells that gives rise to various layers comprising the hair and the follicle. The proliferating cells in the bulb differentiate into a hair consisting of keratinized, hard, imbricated, flattened cortex cells surrounding a central medullary space. The sebaceous glands are multilobular holocrine glands that connect into the pilosebaceous canal (hair canal) through the sebaceous duct. Germinative undifferentiated sebaceous cells at the periphery of each lobule of the gland generate daughter cells that move to the central areas of each acinus as they differentiate and form sebum (a complex oily substance composed of triglycerides and diglycerides, fatty acids, wax esters, squalene, and sterols). Most sebaceous glands adjoin a hair follicle, although some open directly on the skin surface. The sebaceous glands and certain hair follicles are androgen-dependent target organs. Follicles particularly responsive to androgen stimulation are found over the frontal and vertex areas of scalp, beard, chest, axillae, and upper and lower pubic triangles. Hair follicles are formed in early embryonic life, and no more develop after birth. Males and females have approximately the same number of hair follicles distributed over the body, but the degree of hairiness depends on two distinct features of hair growth-the hair cycle and the hair pattern. The resting hair lies high in the follicle, where it forms a stubby hair bulb that is easily shed. Growth begins with a burst of mitotic activity, and the follicle grows downward to reconstitute a new hair bulb. The hair bulb cells divide rapidly and keratinize to form a new hair shaft that dislodges the old resting club telogen hair. Regression provides a brief respite when mitosis ceases and the hair follicle pulls upward in the dermis as the hair shaft evolves into a resting club hair. In the adult scalp 85% of the hairs are in a growth state, 14% in a resting state, and 1% in regression. Considerable variation in timing of the hair cycle occurs from one region of the body to another, and the duration of growth determines the length of hairs. Hair cycles also vary with the second important feature of hair growth, namely, hair pattern or the type of hair growing in each follicle. Two types of hairs are seen: vellus hair (fine, soft, short, non-pigmented, and common on "non-hairy" areas of the body) and terminal hair (coarse, long, pigmented, and found on hairy areas of the body). The increased hairiness results from the conversion of vellus hair follicles to large terminal follicles. In the axillae and lower pubic triangle this conversion is mediated by testosterone and androstenedione. Such physiologic miniaturization occurs with the reshaping of the frontal hairline from a straight line to an M-shaped configuration at puberty; this process occurs in all men and in the majority of women. Maternal androgens ensure full development and function of sebaceous glands at birth. Normally sebaceous glands atrophy after birth and until puberty, when androgens again stimulate their activity. Several structures in the skin, including the stratum corneum, melanin, cutaneous nerves, and the dermal connective tissue, provide important survival functions. The skin protects 2266 against the loss of essential fluids, the entrance of toxic agents and microorganisms, and damage from ultraviolet radiation, mechanical shearing forces, and extreme environmental temperatures. The stratum corneum serves as a low-permeability barrier that retards water loss from the inner epidermal hydrated layers andalso shields against environmental damage. The barrier properties of the horny layer are of practical importance from several points of view: Excessive drying or inflammatory reactions in the skin. These changes lead to increased transepidermal water loss and, if severe (as in generalized exfoliative dermatitis, erythroderma, or burns), can contribute to fluid and electrolyte imbalance. With breaks in the horny layer, external substances more readily gain entrance to the underlying epidermis. Thus, various chemical substances, including medications placed on injured skin, have a greater opportunity to be absorbed or to act as haptens or antigens, thereby increasing the possibility of allergic contact dermatitis. Allergic contact dermatitis becomes particularly common when topical antibiotics are applied to chronically inflamed skin. The disruption of the barrier also increases the chance of colonization of pathologic bacteria in the skin, especially in the presence of tissue fluid exudates, which serve as excellent culture media. Percutaneous absorption of various topical medications used in treating skin conditions can be enhanced by hydrating the stratum corneum with the use of occlusive plastic wraps. The stratum corneum normally harbors a number of aerobic and anaerobic resident organisms. Breaks in the stratum corneum, poor hygiene, and excessive humidity with maceration (especially in intertriginous areas) all contribute to cutaneous infections such as impetigo, erysipelas, folliculitis, furunculosis, and ecthyma. A second structural component that provides protection is the melanocyte, which produces melanin pigment. Melanin is a large polymer that has the unique capability of absorbing light over the broad range of 200- to 2400-nm wavelengths. It serves as an excellent screen against the untoward effects of solar ultraviolet radiation, such as aging and wrinkling of the skin and the development of cutaneous neoplasms. The importance of melanin is dramatically illustrated by the high incidence of skin cancers in sun-exposed areas of the body, particularly in light-skinned, blue-eyed, easily sunburned individuals and in albinos. Negroid skin contains the same number of melanocytes as white skin, but the pigmentation is more intense as a result of the synthesis of more melanin that is dispersed throughout the melanocytes and adjacent keratinocytes. Accordingly, black skin is much less likely to form skin cancers, and it ages more slowly than white skin. Itch and pain are carried on unmyelinated C fibers found in the upper portion of the dermis of the skin, mucous membranes, and cornea. Then the impulse proceeds to the sensory area of the postcentral gyrus of the cortex. Cutting the spinothalamic tract, as in an anterolateral hemichordotomy, abolishes pain and itch. These mediators include histamine, trypsin, proteases, peptides (bradykinin, vasoactive intestine peptide, substance P-all potent histamine releasers), and bile salts. Prostaglandins are modulators of pruritus rather than primary mediators; they lower the threshold to itching evoked by both histamine and pain. Central modulators of pruritus, such as systemic morphine, cause itch while relieving pain by acting on central opiate receptors. Regrettably, no single pharmacologic agent effectively treats all kinds of pruritus. Generalized itching in the absence of primary skin disease (pruritus) may be an important sign of internal disease (see Table 519-2). Some patients with psychogenic pruritus believe the itching is caused by invisible parasites in the skin. Such patients scratch until excoriations and prurigo papules (thickened papular areas of skin due to constant rubbing) evolve in areas that the patient can readily reach (extremities, scalp, upper back). Patients with polycythemia vera display a unique form of itching triggered by sudden changes in temperature, especially when they emerge from a warm bath. The tough, viscoelastic properties imparted to the skin by the fibrous proteins (collagen and elastin) and amorphous ground substance that make up the dermis protect the skin against shearing forces.
The prevalence of trachoma in a community responds dramatically to socioeconomic development medications similar to abilify quality 150 mg rulide. Mass chemotherapy for young school-aged children has a temporary impact on trachoma prevalence treatment 9mm kidney stones generic 150 mg rulide. More than 4 million chlamydial infections occur annually treatment yellow tongue buy generic rulide 150mg online, and prevalence rates are highest (>10%) among sexually active adolescent females medicine stone music festival purchase rulide 150mg. Prevalence is higher in inner-city areas among lower socioeconomic status individuals and among minority ethnic groups such as African-Americans in the United States and Native Americans in Canada. Importantly, although prevalence rates are higher in these subgroups, with few exceptions, prevalences are 5% or more irrespective of geographic region, urban location, or ethnicity. In the United States, the direct and indirect costs of chlamydial disease exceed $2. From a global perspective, sexually transmitted chlamydial infections are a major cause of total disease burden and morbidity because of effects on the reproductive health of women and because they facilitate the transmission of human immunodeficiency virus. On examination, a mild to moderate clear or cloudy urethral exudate can be detected. Sometimes, urethral discharge is apparent only on "milking" the urethra from the base of the penis to the glans. Gram stain of urethral exudate demonstrates 5 or more polymorphonuclear leukocytes per 1000נfield and no gram-negative intracellular diplococci. In such cases, the individual complains of dysuria, and pyuria (5 white blood cells per 1000נfield) is found on urinalysis, but culture for uropathogens is negative. Mild urethral exudate may be observed during pelvic examination when the urethra is compressed against the pubic ramus. In some men with urethral chlamydial infection (an estimated 1 to 3%), infection spreads from the urethra to the epididymis. This results in unilateral testicular pain, scrotal erythema and tenderness, or swelling over the epididymis. Among men older than 35 years of age, complicated urinary tract infection with uropathogens is more commonly the cause of epididymitis. Twenty to fifty per cent of women with cervical chlamydial infection have mucopurulent cervicitis. Unless concurrent infection with other pathogens is present, the vaginal discharge lacks odor, and vulvar pruritus does not occur. Mucopurulent cervicitis is best recognized during vaginal speculum examination with the cervix fully exposed and well illuminated. There is a yellow or cloudy mucoid discharge from the cervix, although the color may be better appreciated on the tip of a cotton swab than in situ. Gram stain of endocervical mucus shows more than 10 polymorphonuclear leukocytes per 1000נfield. Often, a red area of columnar epithelium is visible on the face of the cervix (ectopy). The area is erythematous, is edematous, and bleeds easily when touched with a cotton-tipped swab. More commonly, chlamydial infection spreads spontaneously to the upper reproductive tract. Although endometritis and salpingitis can occur subclinically, clinically patent disease includes the following features: subacute onset of low abdominal pain during menses or during the first 2 weeks of the menstrual cycle, pain on sexual intercourse (dyspareunia), and prolonged menses or intermenstrual vaginal bleeding. Clinically patent disease occurs in about 75% of infected infants, and 25% are subclinically infected. Inclusion conjunctivitis of the newborn develops in one in three exposed infants and a distinctive pneumonia syndrome in about one in six. The distinctive pneumonia syndrome has a subacute onset in infants between ages 1 and 4 months. The cardinal clinical characteristic is a distinctive staccato cough reminiscent of pertussis but without the whoop or post-tussive vomiting. Hematologic examination consistently shows eosinophilia and hypergammaglobulinemia. The ulcer spontaneously heals, and 2 to 4 weeks later painful bilateral inguinal lymphadenopathy develops, often associated with signs of systemic infection such as fever, headache, arthralgias, leukocytosis, and hypergammaglobulinemia. Patients complain of frequent painful defecation (tenesmus) with urgency and, less commonly, mucopurulent bloody discharge in stool. Biopsy of rectal mucosa shows submucosal granulomas, crypt abscesses, and diffuse mononuclear cell inflammation. Laboratory diagnosis confirms the clinical diagnosis, assists in managing contacts of infected cases, and detects asymptomatic but infectious 1766 individuals. At present, the higher costs of these tests will limit their widespread use, and antigen-based or probe-based tests remain the most commonly used tests. When the same test is used to screen 1000 individuals from a low-risk population with a C. Recent data also suggest that selected quinolones (ofloxacin) are useful to treat C. Alternate treatment regimens include erythromycin base (500 mg orally four times a day for 7 days), or ofloxacin (300 mg orally twice daily for 7 days). Pneumonia and bronchitis are the most frequently identified illnesses caused by C. More than 50% of adults in the United States and from other developed countries are seropositive. Most seroconversion occurs during childhood with rates of 6 to 9% per year for the age group 5 to 14. The bacteria also produces epidemics of atypical pneumonia in closed populations such as military recruits, university students, and the institutionalized elderly. Case-to-case transmission appears to involve respiratory droplet spread with an average case-to-case interval of 1 month. Chest radiography shows a pneumonitis, most often evident as a single subsegmental lesion. Hematologic studies show a normal leukocyte count but a high erythrocyte sedimentation rate. Some patients with the bronchitis illness unexpectedly have pneumonia on radiography. Serology, isolation, and non-culture detection are the primary methods for laboratory diagnosis of C. Recommended treatment includes tetracycline or erythromycin base 500 mg orally four times a day for 10 to l4 days. Two intervention trials have shown that antibiotic treatment substantially reduced coronary events among individuals presenting with ischemic heart disease. This is so because it produces common-source outbreaks of serious disease often related to infected imported birds. One hundred to 200 cases of psittacosis are reported annually in the United States with no apparent periodicity. Psittacine birds (parrots, parakeets, budgerigars) are most commonly implicated as source contacts, although human cases have been traced to contact with pigeons, ducks, turkeys, chickens, and other birds. Psittacosis in birds is a mild illness manifested by ruffled feathers and anorexia. The infectious inoculum is likely very small, and brief contact with a contaminated environment can result in transmission. Psittacosis is a systemic infection of the reticuloendothelial system and of the interstitium and alveoli of the lung by C. Seven to 14 days after aerosol exposure, an 1767 abrupt febrile illness begins with shaking chills and a fever as high as 40РC. Extrapulmonary findings are usual with psittacosis, and myalgias can mislead the clinician to suspect meningitis or pyelonephritis. Like typhoid fever, psittacosis may cause abdominal pain, diarrhea, constipation, and splenomegaly. Occasional patients, especially with underlying valvular heart disease, develop endocarditis, and C. Untreated psittacosis can be fatal, but most patients recover slowly after an illness lasting 10 to 21 days.
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Table 304-1 is a list of selected general medical laboratory tests of value in the evaluation of non-specific joint symptoms xanax medications for anxiety generic rulide 150mg fast delivery. The tests afford significant diagnostic clues for certain systemic diseases in which arthralgias can be the earliest and only symptoms treatment 31st october 150mg rulide with visa. Brief descriptions of musculoskeletal manifestations of a few systemic disorders follow treatment quadriceps pain cheap rulide 150 mg with mastercard. More than half of women with primary biliary cirrhosis may have rheumatoid factors and antinuclear antibodies medications 1-z purchase 150 mg rulide with mastercard, in addition to antimitochondrial antibodies. An asymmetrical, non-deforming arthritis has been described in as many as 30% of patients. Arthritis is frequently the first sign of hemochromatosis and eventually develops in as many as half of all persons with the disease. Typically occurring between the ages of 40 and 50, the arthritis of hemochromatosis has been reported in persons younger than age 30 and is easily overlooked or confused with primary osteoarthritis, even though their distributions often differ. Pain and stiffness frequently appear first in the metacarpophalangeal joints; other joints that are involved frequently include wrists, hips, and knees. Chondrocalcinosis is common on radiographs, as are subchondral cysts, sclerosis, and joint space narrowing. The arthritis is not altered by phlebotomy; treatment is symptomatic and may necessitate arthroplasties, particularly in the hips. Large joint arthritis lasting a few days to a few weeks results from small vessel occlusion caused by local sickling. Osteomyelitis is much more common in persons with sickle cell disease than in normal persons and is often caused by Salmonella. Pain due to microfractures in the lower leg, ankle, or foot, lasting up to 1 to 2 years, has been described in almost one half of a group of 50 patients with beta-thalassemia. Septic arthritis is caused by common pathogens or by mycoplasmal organisms such as Ureaplasma urealyticum. Non-erosive oligoarthritis, without evidence of infection or other demonstrable cause, often resolves after institution of immunoglobulin therapy. Its resolution with treatment does not necessarily constitute a priori evidence of an infectious etiology. Intravenous gamma globulin treatment might suppress arthritis through its complex modulating effect on the immune system. It is painful, and there is often warmth, redness, and swelling; it favors large joints, and subcutaneous nodules have been noted in a few patients. Less often, small joints of the hands and feet are inflamed, and the arthritis becomes chronic and resembles rheumatoid arthritis. The synovial fluid white blood cell count is sometimes elevated to 50,000/mm3, and rod-shaped bacilli (Tropheryma whippelii) have been identified, usually by electron microscopy, in synovial biopsy specimens. Diagnosis is facilitated by polymerase chain reaction analysis of tissue or blood. Transient pain in the Achilles tendon appears to be more common than frank inflammatory tendinitis, which can last a few days and recur two or three times a year. A few patients have acute painful monoarthritis or pauciarthritis of the knees, ankles, or small joints that lasts a week or more and recurs frequently. Less common is an incapacitating polyarthritis resembling rheumatic fever, persisting a month or more. In one study, 40% of 73 heterozygous patients were symptomatic; articular manifestations appeared at times before the xanthomas that are the major diagnostic sign of familial hypercholesterolemia. Aches and stiffness simulating fibromyalgia may appear early in hypothyroidism; if untreated, this may progress to proximal myopathy with elevated creatine kinase levels, simulating polymyositis, or to a syndrome of synovial thickening and joint effusions, simulating rheumatoid arthritis. Carpal tunnel syndrome is a recognized manifestation of hypothyroidism, and there appears to be an association with calcium pyrophosphate deposition disease. Hyperthyroidism can cause myopathy without elevations of the creatine kinase level but with muscle wasting, which can be severe. Hyperparathyroidism is a rare cause of diffuse, vague musculoskeletal pains resembling those of fibrositis. The other musculoskeletal complications of hyperparathyroidism include back pain due to vertebral body fractures, an erosive arthritis predominantly in the hands and wrists, and chondrocalcinosis (with pseudogout occurring most often after parathyroidectomy). Carpal tunnel syndrome has been reported in almost one half of persons with acromegaly. Joint or juxta-articular pains are experienced by as many as one third of patients with acute sarcoidosis and may be the only symptom of the disease; however, erythema nodosum often accompanies the arthritis and, together with hilar adenopathy, suggests the diagnosis (one should be aware that arthritis may accompany erythema nodosum of any cause). The distal interphalangeal joints are typically spared, but any of the other peripheral joints, as well as the heels, may be painful out of proportion to signs of inflammation, which are meager. Episodes last a few days to a few months, and the arthritis usually resolves completely. The erythrocyte sedimentation rate is often elevated; antinuclear antibodies and rheumatoid factors may be present in high titer. Progressive, deforming arthritis is a feature of chronic sarcoidosis, as are bone lesions, both lytic and sclerotic. Serositis, fever, and arthritis are the major signs of familial Mediterranean fever. Arthritis occurs in as many as one half of patients; it is usually monoarticular and confined to large joints in the lower extremities. Although the arthritis usually lasts less than 1 week, it has been reported to persist for several months. Synovial fluid contains large numbers of granulocytes, and there is intense infiltration of granulocytes and hyperemia in synovial tissue. Diagnosis is suggested by demographic and other clinical features of the disease; criteria for diagnosis have been proposed and are based on the clinical features. In the absence of these, familial Mediterranean 1558 fever is easily confused with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. Livneh A, Langevitz P, Zemer D, et al: Criteria for the diagnosis of familial Mediterranean fever. The authors propose diagnostic criteria based on the major clinical manifestations of pleuritis, pericarditis, peritonitis, fever, and arthritis. Recognition of neuropathic joint disease and its association with syphilis preceded reports of its association with diabetes mellitus by 64 years, but syphilis has been surpassed by the latter as the leading cause of this disorder. In syphilis, subacute combined degeneration of the spinal cord, paraplegia, and Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease, weakness, decreased pain sensation, and impaired position sense contribute to the massive destruction of the knee (or less often the hip, ankle, or spine) that typifies the disorder. Neuropathic disease of the knee or ankle is suggested by effusions, crepitus, enlargement, and relatively little pain, although pain may become worrisome late in the disease. For mechanical reasons, the tarsometatarsal and the metatarsophalangeal joints are most frequently involved. Destruction also occurs in the talus, the calcaneus, the ankle joints, and the distal tibia. Radiographs characteristically show loss of joint space, sclerosis, multiple irregular bodies representing chip fractures, and new bone formation; comparable changes are seen in osteomyelitis. Note lateral displacement of metatarsals (left) and fragmentation and osseous debris (right). Attempts at stabilizing the involved joint with various orthotic devices are often unsatisfactory, and surgical fusion is difficult. Although trauma accounts for most hemarthrosis, hemophilia A and B (see Chapter 185) are its major medical cause. The severity of hemarthrosis in hemophilia is related to the levels of clotting factors. By age 15, virtually all persons with severe, inadequately treated factor deficiencies have some form of chronic joint impairment. Acute bleeding into a joint (most often the knees, elbows, or ankles) or muscle is frequently signified by stiffness or discomfort, followed by pain, swelling, and redness. The joint should be immobilized, and adequate factor replacement should be started as early as possible, preferably during the prodromal phase. The joint changes stimulated by repeated intra-articular bleeding resemble those of rheumatoid arthritis.
Highlights in North American litigation during the twentieth century on artificial fluoridation of public water supplies medications look up 150mg rulide otc. Journal of Land Use and Environmental Law 14 195248 (Spring 1999) Florida State University College of Law 4d medications discount rulide 150 mg otc. Environmental Protection Agency 20032004 ChemistInResidence & Adjunct Professor treatment juvenile rheumatoid arthritis 150 mg rulide sale, American University 19952002 Adjunct Professor of Chemistry medicine reaction generic rulide 150 mg with mastercard, American University 19842004 Officer (V. Gekler, Plenum Press, New York, 1991 "Carcinogenicity of General Purpose Phthalate Esters" Drug Metabolism Reviews 21 55 (1989). Published by the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, Center for Disease Control. Patents 4,210,730 and 4,212,957 Plastifiers, Method of Preparation, and Poly Vinylchloride Compositions Containing. Carton Presented at Continuing Medical Education Program: Drinking Water Fluoridation and Ingested Fluoride Scientific Risk Assessment. The membership vote was unanimous in favor of supporting the California initiative. Jeff Green of the California group informing him of the vote, and a substantial amount of publicity resulted from this activity. Between approximately the date of this action of our membership and very recently, I have become aware of questions arising over who this union represents and the attendance at the meeting during which the vote was taken. I first became aware that such questions were circulating during a radio debate on the National Public Radio station in New York City I had with Mr. Easley is well known for his outrageous distortions, and I was more focussed on the toxicity issues I was raising, I paid little heed to his outlandish evasions. In a related incident, illustrating similar events that have occurred over the past year, on June 16, 1998 I returned a call from a drinking water official who left a voice mail message for me, saying his boss asked him to call me and get information on the union and our July 1997 vote. I returned his call, leaving a message with a secretary the following day indicating I was available and happy to speak with him about these matters. Marcus found clear evidence that fluoride causes cancer, and suggested that a review panel set up by the government to review the data had deliberately downgraded the results. In my view the fluoridation establishment has been more influential and more misleading in the information it provides than the uranium/nuclear power industry. Connett has put his scientific knowledge to work by helping (without fee) communities around the world understand the science of controversial issues like incineration and fluoridation. In addition to explaining the dangers of these practices he offers details of the alternatives. Fluoride is a corrosive poison that will produce serious effects on a long range basis. On 29 May 2003, Professor Epstein wrote: "Fluoridation of water reflects high receptivity to the fluoride industry, and indifference with significant public health penalties to the U. Fluoride used for this purpose comes from highly contaminated industrial grade fluorosilicic wastes; contaminants include heavy metals. Furthermore, there is significant experimental evidence that fluoride induces a doserelated incidence of bone cancer in rats. This is further supported by epidemiological studies incriminating fluoride and bone cancer in young men. This would impose undue economic burden among lower socioeconomic groups, as also would the alternative of purchasing bottled water. This is in sharp contrast to only 2% of the European population, which has much lower rates of dental caries. Professor emeritus Environmental and Occupational Medicine University of Illinois at Chicago School of Public Health, and Chairman, Cancer Prevention Coalition. The adverse effects are numerous they include cancers, thyroid dysfunction, skin disorders, kidney and brain damage, and more. We bring a crosssection of relevant experience and training to the issue(s) at hand. Our work includes information gathering, evaluation, critiquing, researching and dissemination; as well as presentations, public speaking, letters, formal petitioning, strategy, and other initiatives or actions deemed necessary. Issues taken on typically come by way of direct request(s) to us from the concerned public. When did lead,arsenic, and mercury become safe to drink over a lifetime, at any concentrations? There is a shift in scientific thinking, which now accepts that swallowing fluoride (systemic ingestion of fluoride) does not make teeth more resistant to tooth decay. May 2000) see video Fluoride accumulates in our bodies over a lifetime, as do arsenic and lead. Vyvyan Howard, Head of the Developmental ToxicoPathology Research Group and a senior lecturer at the University of Liverpool, England Offers His Professional Perspective (3min. At public meetings across the region, profluoride presentations have invariably failed to convince Councils and the public that the practice is safe. Now, following a meeting at Hyndburn District Council in November, the Leaders of all five Councils in East Lancashire have decided to ask the other Councils in the County to join them in opposing fluoridation. For any professional to ignore or dismiss the evidence of the biochemical, physiological and psychological effects of water fluoridation is, in our opinion, gross professional misconduct. In the eyes of the public and of thousands of scientists worldwide, such arrant disregard for public safety brings the entire dental profession into disrepute. Nor is there a clear chain of responsibility for dealing with such an event the Medicines Regulator refuses to recognise fluoridated water as a medicine, so noone has full legal authority to act in an emergency. Bio Compatible Dentistry takes us beyond drilling and filling and addresses the relationships of dentistry to the rest of the body. Our aim is to bring scientific information to the public and the dental and medical professions. We try to do this in understandable language which is based in science and also fully referenced. Mercury is also documented to cause imbalances in neurotransmitters related to mood disorders. Immune reactivity to mercury has been documented by immune reactivity tests to be a major factor in many of the autoimmune conditions. Whitaker on mercury: In the May issue of Health and Healing, I told you about the two most common sources of toxic mercury: seafood and dental amalgams. Until recently, a form of mercury called thimerosal was used as a preservative in many of the vaccines given to infants and young children, including vaccines for hepatitis B, influenza, diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis, and Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib). Government Concedes That Mercury Causes Autism Human destiny is on a collision course with mercury. In a world rapidly approaching some saturation point with mercury these twenty tons are significant. The longer medical and governmental authorities deny the full mercury story the higher the tide will rise as concentrations increase on land, sea and air. Mercury is a reality that has to be taken into account by doctors and everyone else. Though mercury is accompanied by tens of thousands of other chemicals in the environment none are as toxic nor as prevalent. We are destroying our children and our future with an invisible enemy as surely as if we have fought and lost a nuclear war. Mercury Destroys Brain Cells As I mentioned in the newsletter, mercury is a neurotoxin that is especially damaging to the developing brain and nervous system. A growing number of researchers believe that the soaring rates of neurological and developmental disorders in our children can be linked to a corresponding increase in the number of governmentmandated vaccines. Up until that day I had been advising patients to remove mercury amalgams when the opportunity arose and replace them with white, gold or ceramic fillings. The evidence presented was so compelling that I am now advising all my patients to get rid of their mercury fillings as part of any general work up to almost any health problem, including wishing to live to a ripe old age! The first question he wanted answering was whether mercury leaches out from dental amalgam. At room temperature, mercury is a liquid and in dental amalgam it is not chemically bound into the amalgam, but there as a liquid, albeit a very tough and stiff liquid. Lorscheider took some sheep, filled their molars with dental amalgam which was radioactively labeled and four months later scanned the sheep to discover the mercury had deposited in their bones, kidneys and in the brain. It just so happened that the adjacent laboratory had set up in vitro experiments so that individual nerve cells could be seen growing using time lapse photography.
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