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STUDENT DIGITAL NEWSLETTER ALAGAPPA INSTITUTIONS |
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David DeNofrio, M.D.
Constructing Lexical Transducers symptoms meningitis purchase combivir 300mg visa, en Proceedings of the Fifteenth International Conference on Computational Linguistics k-9 medications order combivir 300 mg with mastercard. Currently the corpus contains approximately 1 medications education plans 300mg combivir visa,000 fulltext professional documents corresponding to the more representative genres of these three fields treatment variable buy combivir 300mg without a prescription. The representativeness of this corpus lies in the number of different genre examples it provides symptoms neck pain order 300mg combivir visa, not in the number of texts or words it contains medications known to cause pill-induced esophagitis quality 300 mg combivir. In fact, the corpus design is intended to create a knowledge management system (a genre tree), similar to terminological knowledge representation systems, structured around the notion of genre, for learners and users of professional specialised genres (Borja, 2005). Regarding the process of second language acquisition, Bazerman (1988, 2002), Bhatia (1993, 2004) and Swales (1990, 2004), among others, emphasize the importance of understanding communication codes that are specific to the culture of individual fields of specialisation and the structure of its genres in order to acquire linguistic expertise in a particular field of knowledge. Each specialised genre presents its own features, purposes and cultural conventions, facilitating the learning process to the extent that once learners know how to recognise and use genres (terminology, phraseology, macrostructure, rhetorical devices, etc. This is crucial in the context of current Information Society Technologies since genres, as well as reality, are constantly changing, evolving and appearing in new forms. They reflect the evolution of specific socio-cultural interactions and, therefore, of specialised linguistic performance and expertise. The applications range from high frequency lexis in a specific domain, collocation, colligation and semantic prosody, grammar and discourse, to the contrastive analysis of lexical items in different domains or contrastive analysis of genres (text-types) in different sublanguages. The co-text reveals information about the specific phraseology that surrounds a particular word and contributes to its functional interpretation. Word frequency information can be used to design syllabuses based on the needs of particular learners with regard to both the sequence of specific vocabulary items that are being taught and the overall size of the restricted vocabulary that is required to achieve an adequate coverage of a specialised domain. It is possible, for example, to design a course focused on the discourse of a particular professional and communicative situation. Participants in the teaching-learning process can manage their own subcorpus in different languages and in different specialised domains, depending on their aims and needs. This approach enhances data-driven learning, allowing learners to explore language data and to derive patterns of language use, which promotes creativity and innovation in the language classroom. Within this context learners become the centre of the process as they can improve their linguistic and extra-linguistic competences according to their own learning styles. Teachers, on the other hand, are facilitators of the instruction process and can also tailor their syllabus design towards the needs of a diverse range of learners. Nevertheless, it is important to establish some defining features of business English in order to maximize the pedagogical outcome of the proposed classroom activities. Given the educational setting in which we are working, the most relevant characteristics are the following: - Effective communication is the main concern (Dudley-Evans & St John, 1998: 73). For the vast majority of students, this is the first contact with business English. Furthermore, it is important to bear in mind that most of them are not familiar with corpus methodologies. A list of instructions is provided, explaining the steps that should be followed to carry out this activity. Once students are logged on to the corpus, they should conduct a search to retrieve the information they are required to find. After retrieving the corresponding documents, it is their task to identify the relevant lexical elements, working in pairs. To conclude this activity, each pair is asked to present their results to the other students in the group. Teaching rationale: the rationale behind this activity is to provide students with a new approach to the analysis of business language and, at the same time, to encourage them to take an active role in the study of the semi-specialised and specialised lexis of business correspondence. Aims: To introduce concordances; to make students reflect on the relevance of phraseology; to make students aware of genre conventions. Students need to conduct a keyword search, explore the concordances they retrieve, and analyse these results according to the task. Following this, students are expected to take part in a discussion to share their findings with the rest of the classroom. Activity 3: Learning to identify expressions of obligation, permission and prohibition in business agreements Task: Students are asked to identify all the Business Agreements in the corpus and find clauses expressing three particular categories of language: obligation, permission and prohibition. Methodology: the students are provided with tables containing one or more examples of a particular category of language, with each example being followed by variations on that example. The table is introduced by the teacher and discussed in the classroom to highlight the typical dysfunctions in the use of these expressions and the problems a deficient use may bring about. Then students work individually to identify and download the Business Agreements contained in the corpus and create a subcorpus. Working in small groups, they are asked to find examples in the subcorpus similar to the ones provided. Additional activities, once students have familiarised themselves with the corpus, are the identification of downtoning structures, the mapping of the business genre by means of identifying different subgenres, and the analysis of more complex phraseological units. Personalised corpora and subcorpora can be designed in order to select adequate texts for a particular teaching issue and their corresponding analysis. With the implementation of these types of tools we are moving towards new expectations in language teaching, that is, towards a dynamic corpus-based and genre-based approach in which learner and teacher collaborate, participate and interact in the process of acquisition of Language for Special Purposes. Three types of resources will be offered from this platform to students, teachers and professionals in the legal and administrative fields: a) communication resources; b) consultation resources; and c) training resources. It is a project of jurilinguistic approach which aims to contribute to dynamize and harmonize the development and use of the Basque language among the specialists in the legal area in the University environment: teachers, students, researchers, etc. Jurilinguistique: entre langues et droits / Jurilinguistic: between law and language. Langage du droit et traductio: essais de jurilinguistique / the language of the law and translatio: essays on jurilinguistics. A la Confluence des Langues, des Cultures et du Droit: Jurilinguistique et Traduction. This research is still in progress since we need to assess the results at the end of this academic year. The purpose of our project is no other than to offer a coherent procedure to promote corpus exploitation, either by teachers through the design of corpus-based activities, or by students themselves. We believe that the inductive approach through corpus-driven awareness-raising activities that we have applied is in conformity with the main guidelines being implemented in higher education pedagogy. We are reporting research in progress and the initial results can only be assessed at the end of this academic year.
He seemed to me to be close beside me; and I saw medications enlarged prostate combivir 300mg free shipping, too medicine 877 generic combivir 300 mg with visa, as I believe symptoms detached retina discount combivir 300 mg on-line, that it was He who was speaking to me medicine 8 capital rocka cheap combivir 300mg mastercard. As I was utterly ignorant that such a vision was possible medicine images cheap combivir 300 mg fast delivery,387 I was extremely afraid at first medications pain pills discount 300mg combivir, and did nothing but weep; however, when He spoke to me but one word to reassure me, I recovered myself, and was, as usual, calm and comforted, without any fear whatever. Jesus Christ seemed to be by my side continually, and, as the vision was not imaginary, I saw no form; but I had a most distinct feeling that He was always on my right hand, a witness of all I did; and never at any time, if I was but slightly recollected, or not too much distracted, could I be ignorant of His near presence. Teresa of Jesus, of the Order of Our Lady of Carmel Saint Teresa of Avila 226 227 me,-that I saw Him distinctly, and felt His presence,- that the recollectedness of my soul was deeper in the prayer of quiet, and more continuous,-that the effects thereof were very different from what I had hitherto experienced,-and that it was most certain. I could only make comparisons in order to explain myself; and certainly there are no comparisons, in my opinion, by which visions of this kind can be described. Afterwards I learnt from Friar Peter of Alcantara, a holy man of great spirituality,-of whom I shall speak by and by,390-and from others of great learning, that this vision was of the highest order, and one with which Satan can least interfere; and therefore there are no words whereby to explain,-at least, none for us women, who know so little: learned men can explain it better. For if I say that I see Him neither with the eyes of the body, nor with those of the soul,-because it was not an imaginary vision,-how is it that I can understand and maintain that He stands beside me, and be more certain of it than if I saw Him If it be supposed that it is as if a person were blind, or in the dark, and therefore unable to see another who is close to him, the comparison is not exact. There is a certain likelihood about it, however, but not much, because the other senses tell him who is blind of that presence: he hears the other speak or move, or he touches him; but in these visions there is nothing like this. The darkness is not felt; only He renders Himself present to the soul by a certain knowledge of Himself which is more clear than the sun. It is not like that presence of God which is frequently felt, particularly by those who have attained to the prayer of union and of quiet, when we seem, at the very commencement of our prayer, to find Him with whom we would converse, and when we seem to feel that He hears us by the effects and the spiritual impressions of great love and faith of which we are then conscious, as well as by the good resolutions, accompanied by sweetness, which we then make. This is a great grace from God; and let him to whom He has given it esteem it much, because it is a very high degree of prayer; but it is not vision. God is understood to be present there by the effects He works in the soul: that is the way His Majesty makes His presence felt; but here, in this vision, it is seen clearly that Jesus Christ is present, the Son of the Virgin. In the prayer of union and of quiet, certain inflowings of the Godhead are present; but in the vision, the Sacred Humanity also, together with them, is pleased to be our visible companion, and to do us good. If a person whom I had never seen, but of whom I had heard, came to speak to me, and I were blind or in the dark, and told me who he was, I should believe him; but I could not so confidently affirm that he was that person, as I might do if I had seen him. But in this vision I could do so, because so clear a knowledge is impressed on the soul that all doubt seems impossible, though He is not seen. Teresa of Jesus, of the Order of Our Lady of Carmel Saint Teresa of Avila 228 229 suspicion that we have imagined things we think we see; but here, though there may be a suspicion in the first instant, there remains a certainty so great, that the doubt has no force whatever. So also is it when God teaches the soul in another way, and speaks to it without speaking, in the way I have described. There is so much of heaven in this language, that it cannot well be understood on earth, though we may desire ever so much to explain it, if our Lord will not teach it experimentally. Our Lord impresses in the innermost soul that which He wills that soul to understand; and He manifests it there without images or formal words, after the manner of the vision I am speaking of. The vision and the language are matters of such pure spirituality, that there is no toil of the faculties, or of the senses, out of which-so seems to me-the devil can derive any advantage. It is only at intervals, and for an instant, that this occurs; for generally-so I think-the senses are not taken away, and the faculties are not suspended: they preserve their ordinary state. It is not always so in contemplation; on the contrary, it is very rarely so; but when it is so, I say that we do nothing whatever ourselves: no work of ours is then possible; all that is done is apparently the work of our Lord. It is as if food had been received into the stomach which had not first been eaten, and without our knowing how it entered; but we do know well that it is there, though we know not its nature, nor who it was that placed it there. I neither saw it, nor felt it; I never had any inclination to desire it, and I never knew before that such a thing was possible. In the locutions of which I spoke before,393 God makes the understanding attentive, though it may be painful to understand what is said; then the soul seems to have other ears wherewith it hears; and He forces it to listen, and will not let it be distracted. The soul is like a person whose hearing was good, and who is not suffered to stop his ears, while people standing close beside him speak to him with a loud voice. Such a person contributes something of his own; for he attends to what is said to him; but here there is nothing of the kind: even that little, which is nothing more than the bare act of listening, which is granted to it in the other case, is now out of its power. It is as if one without ever learning, without taking the pains even to learn to read, and without studying any subject whatever, should find himself in possession of all knowledge, not knowing how or whence it came to him, seeing that he had never taken the trouble even to learn the alphabet. This last comparison seems to me to throw some light on this heavenly gift; for the soul finds itself learned in a moment, and the mystery of the most Holy Trinity so clearly revealed to it, together with other most deep doctrines, that there is no theologian in the world with whom it would hesitate to dispute for the truth of these matters. It is impossible to describe the surprise of the soul when it finds that one of these graces is enough to change it utterly, and make it love nothing but Him who, without waiting for anything itself might do, renders it fit for blessings so high, communicates to it His secrets, and treats it with 393 Ch. Teresa of Jesus, of the Order of Our Lady of Carmel Saint Teresa of Avila 230 231 so much affection and love. Some of the graces He bestows are liable to suspicion because they are so marvellous, and given to one who has deserved them so little-incredible, too, without a most lively faith. I intend, therefore, to mention very few of those graces which our Lord has wrought in me, if I should not be ordered otherwise; but there are certain visions of which I shall speak, an account of which may be of some service. In doing so, I shall either dispel his fears to whom our Lord sends them, and who, as I used to do, thinks them impossible, or I shall explain the way or the road by which our Lord has led me; and that is what I have been commanded to describe. In the same way on earth, two persons of sound sense, if they love each other much, can even, without any signs, understand one another only by their looks. It must be so here, though we do not see how, as these two lovers earnestly regard each the other: the bridegroom says so to the bride in the Canticle, so I believe, and I have heard that it is spoken of there. Oh, marvellous goodness of God, in that Thou permittest eyes which have looked upon so much evil as those of my soul to look upon Thee! May they never accustom themselves, after looking on Thee, to look upon vile things again! I know by experience that what I am saying is true, and that all we can say is exceedingly little, when we consider what Thou doest to the soul which Thou hast led to such a state as this. O souls, you who have begun to pray, and you who possess the true faith, what can you be in search of even in this life, let alone that which is for ever, that is comparable to the least of these graces Consider, and it is true, that God gives Himself to those who give up everything for Him. Consider, that what I am saying is not even an iota of what may be said; I say only that which is necessary to show the kind of the vision and of the grace which God bestows on the soul; for that cannot be told which it feels when our Lord admits it to the understanding of His secrets and of His mighty works. The joy of this is so far above all conceivable joys, that it may well make us loathe all the joys of earth; for they are all but dross; and it is an odious thing to make them enter into the comparison, even if we might have them for ever. One drop only of the waters of the overflowing river which He is reserving for us. And, in truth, I am ashamed of myself; if shame could have a place in heaven, I should certainly be the most ashamed there. Why do we seek blessings and joys so great, bliss without end, and all at the cost of our good Jesus Teresa of Jesus, of the Order of Our Lady of Carmel Saint Teresa of Avila 232 Jerusalem,396 if we do not help to carry his cross with the Cyrenean Can we think that we can, by preserving our honour, which is vanity, recompense Him for the sufferings He endured, that we might reign with Him for ever This is not the way; we are going by the wrong road utterly, and we shall never arrive there. You, my father, must lift up your voice, and utter these truths aloud, seeing that God has taken from me the power of doing it. I listened to them myself, and came to the knowledge of God so late, as will appear by what I have written, that I am ashamed of myself when I speak of this; and so I should like to be silent. Of one thing, however, I will speak, and I think of it now and then,-may it be the good pleasure of our Lord to bring me on, so that I may have the fruition of it! How honourable will he be who, for His sake, sought no honours whatever, but rather took pleasure in seeing himself abased! Now, indeed, they are all gone whom people regarded as mad,399 because they saw them perform heroic acts, as true lovers of Christ. But do we suppose that God is better pleased when men account us wise and discreet persons We think forthwith that there is but little edification given when people do not go about, every one in his degree, with great gravity, in a dignified way. Even in the friar, the ecclesiastic, and the nun, if they wear old and patched garments, we think it a novelty, and a scandal to the weak; and even if they are very recollected and given to prayer. Such is the state of the world, and so forgotten are matters of perfection, and those grand impetuosities of the Saints. More mischief, I think, is done in this way, than by any scandal that might arise if the religious showed in their actions, as they proclaim it in words, that the world is to be held in contempt. If some people took scandal, others are filled with remorse: anyhow, we should have before us some likeness of that which our Lord and His Apostles endured; for we have need of it now more than ever. And what an excellent likeness in the person of that blessed friar, Peter of Alcantara, God has just taken from us! But this holy man lived in our day; he had a spirit strong as those of another age, and so he trampled on the world. As the Saint finished the first relation of her life in June, 1562, this is one of the additions subsequently made. Teresa of Jesus, of the Order of Our Lady of Carmel Saint Teresa of Avila 233 234 about barefooted, nor undergo sharp penances, as he did, there are many ways, as I have said before,401 of trampling on the world; and our Lord teaches them when He finds the necessary courage. How great was the courage with which His Majesty filled the Saint I am speaking of! When he slept, he sat down, his head resting against a piece of wood driven into the wall. Lie down he could not, if he wished it; for his cell, as every one knows, was only four feet and a half in length. In all these years, he never covered his head with his hood, even when the sun was hottest, or the rain heaviest. He never covered his feet: the only garment he wore was made of sackcloth, and that was as tight as it could be, with nothing between it and his flesh; over this, he wore a cloak of the same stuff. He told me that, in the severe cold, he used to take off his cloak, and open the door and the window of his cell, in order that when he put his cloak on again, after shutting the door and the window, he might give some satisfaction to his body in the pleasure it might have in the increased warmth. His poverty was extreme; and his mortification, from his youth, was such,-so he told me,-that he was three years in one of the houses of his Order without knowing how to distinguish one friar from another, otherwise than by the voice; for he never raised his eyes: and so, when he was obliged to go from one part of the house to the other, he never knew the way, unless he followed the friars. He told me that it was nothing to him then whether he saw it or not: but he was an aged man when I made his acquaintance; and his weakness was so great, that he seemed like nothing else but the roots of trees. With all his sanctity, he was very agreeable; though his words were few, unless when he was asked questions; he was very pleasant to speak to , for he had a most clear understanding. Many other things I should like to say of him, if I were not afraid, my father, that you will say, Why does she meddle here So I leave the subject, only saying that his last end was like his life-preaching to , and exhorting, his brethren. Since then, it has pleased our Lord that I should find more help from him than during his life. The first time he appeared to me, he said: "O blessed penance, which has merited so great a reward! Teresa of Jesus, of the Order of Our Lady of Carmel Saint Teresa of Avila 235 before his death, he appeared to me being then far away. I knew he was about to die, and so I sent him word to that effect, when he was some leagues from here. I spoke of it to some persons, and within eight days came the news that he was dead-or, to speak more correctly, he had begun to live for evermore. Behold here, then, how that life of sharp penance is perfected in such great glory: and now he is a greater comfort to me, I do believe, than he was on earth. Our Lord said to me on one occasion, that persons could not ask Him anything in his name, and He not hear them. I have recommended many things to him that he was to ask of our Lord, and I have seen my petitions granted. But how I have been talking in order to stir you up never to esteem anything in this life! I see so much going wrong in the world, that though my speaking of it is of no other use than to weary me by writing of it, it is some relief to me that all I am saying makes against myself. Our Lord forgive me all that I do amiss herein; and you too, my father, for wearying you to no purpose. Even when I did cease, I contrived that it should be in such a way as that I should not displease Him whom I saw so clearly present, an eye-witness of my acts. And though I was occasionally afraid, because so much was said to me about delusions, that fear lasted not long, because our Lord reassured me. It pleased our Lord, one day that I was in prayer, to show me His Hands, and His Hands only. This put me in great fear; for everything that is strange, in the beginning of any new grace from God, makes me very much afraid. I could not understand why our Lord showed Himself in this way, seeing that, afterwards, He granted me the grace of seeing His whole Person. Later on, I understood that His Majesty was dealing with me according to the weakness of my nature. A glory so great was more than one so base and wicked could bear; and our merciful Lord, knowing this, ordered it in this way. You will think, my father, that it required no great courage to look upon Hands and Face so beautiful. But so beautiful are glorified bodies, that the glory which surrounds them renders those who see that which is so supernatural and beautiful beside themselves. Teresa of Jesus, of the Order of Our Lady of Carmel Saint Teresa of Avila 237 238 such great fear, trouble, and perplexity at the sight. Afterwards there ensued a sense of safety and certainty, together with other results, so that all fear passed immediately away. Paul,407 when I was at Mass, there stood before me the most Sacred Humanity,408 as painters represent Him after the resurrection, in great beauty and majesty, as I particularly described it to you, my father, when you had insisted on it.
Una vez terminado el proceso debe salir de la herramienta para actualizar los datos symptoms intestinal blockage buy combivir 300mg mastercard. El programa presenta una herramienta para la puesta a punto de los textos que han de ser explotados symptoms lupus buy cheap combivir 300mg online. Las reglas internas del proyecto son aquellas reglas que el usuario provee al programa para que lea o interprete de una manera correcta las unidades del texto treatment hepatitis c buy 300mg combivir overnight delivery. Mediante una regla se le indica al programa que interprete todos ellos como "arazi" bad medicine 1 discount combivir 300 mg. En ella aparecen todas las palabras del proyecto agrupadas y ordenadas con las siguientes especificaciones: - lema (primera columna): la herramienta analiza las semejanzas entre palabras utilizando el algoritmo de Levenshtein treatment xerosis buy 300 mg combivir free shipping. The annotation has been developed by a team of 6 linguists and has produced the following results: a deep analysis of Spanish WordNet 1 treatment vaginal yeast infection combivir 300mg on line. Ambos recursos, al igual que SenSem, constan de un corpus y una base de datos verbal con correspondencias entre estos dos. Otro caso lo constituyen los plurales cuando entre las dos lenguas existen ciertos desajustes estructurales. El total de agrupaciones que se han realizado han sido 58, que comprenden un total de 129 synsets.
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Some of the root-suckering Casuarinas are discouraged except where the wood is needed medicine questions cheap combivir 300 mg amex. But in fuelwood plantations medicine 035 cheap 300 mg combivir with visa, cut trees rapidly regenerate from root sprouts and do not have to be replanted symptoms west nile virus cheap combivir 300mg line. This species is reported to be less susceptible to the wilt and dieback attributed to the bacterium Pseudomonas on Casuarina equisetifolia symptoms quad strain generic 300mg combivir with amex. Complete list of references for Duke medications overactive bladder buy generic combivir 300 mg line, Handbook of Energy Crops q Last update Tuesday medicine 1975 lyrics generic 300mg combivir fast delivery, December 30, 1997. References Uses Introduced to Zimbabwe for street and roadside plantings and windbreaks, the species may help solve the fuelwood shortage. Introduced to Thailand around 1900 as an ornamental tree, now extensively used to reclaim land abandoned after mining, as well as for village firewood production. Germplasm Reported from the Indochina-Indonesia Center of Diversity, jemara, or cvs thereof, is reported to tolerate clay, drought, monsoon, poor soil, salt, sand, screes, and weeds. Distribution Native to highlands of eastern Indonesia-to East Java, Bali, and the lesser Sunda Islands, where it occurs in extensive pure stands on mountain summits. It pioneers the natural revegetation of deforested grassland, volcanic ash and sand, gravelly stream beds, and screes. In manmade grassland it has extended its area manyfold, at the cost of mixed mountain forest and scrub-forest that formerly prevailed. In India, clusters of shoots (sprigs) are dipped in rooting hormone (or not) and placed in a humid atmosphere. Antimicrobial and Cytotoxic Activity of the Extracts of Khat Callus Cultures Hamid Elhag, Jaber S. Such effects were shown to be due to phenylalkylamine alkaloids, primarily cathinone (Kalix 1990; Crombie et al. Habitual use of khat is often associated with social and medical problems (Shadan and Shellard 1972). Previous work on khat cultures, in our laboratories, has dealt with in vitro micropropagation (Elhag 1991) and the production of secondary metabolites by micropropagated plantlets and callus cultures (El-Domiaty et al. In the course of our work with khat tissue cultures, the production of dark colored pigments was observed as a typical characteristic of the callus culture (Elhag and Mossa 1996). The present investigation deals with the isolation, identification, and biological effects of such pigments. The dark pigments partly diffused into the medium at the point of contact with the agar medium. This dark pigmentation was thought to result from the high content of polyphenols (tannins) that is known for the intact plant (El-Sissi and Abdalla 1966). The colored chloroformic fraction yielded two orange pigments using combined normal and reversed phase chromatography. Compound 1 was thus identified as 22-hydroxytingenone; this was confirmed by direct comparison with the reported spectral data (Kutney et al. Compound 2 was thus identified as tingenone; this was confirmed by comparison with reported data (Gonzalez et al. The highest growth inhibition was found in the petroleum ether and chloroformic successive extracts, the latter being more active. Further fractionation and purification of the chloroformic-soluble fraction of the methanolic extract (as described in Materials and Methods), resulted in the isolation of two active compounds (1) and (2). The isolated compounds were identified as 22-hydroxytingenone (1) and tingenone (2) by various spectral methods. However, both compounds; were found to be inactive against the gram-negative bacteria E Coli and the fungus C. Cytotoxic Activity Compounds 1 and 2 have been reported to have cytotoxic activity (Kutney et al. Tingenone 2, was also shown to exhibit strong non-selective broad cytotoxicity against several cancer cell-line systems (Ngassapa et al. The production of dark pigments was observed at the start of callus induction and continued with subcultures as a typical characteristic of khat callus. The isolation of 22-hydroxytingenone and tingenone from khat callus cultures is reported for the first time. The crude callus extracts and the isolated compounds, 22-hydroxytingenone (compound 1) and tingenone (compound 2), showed high antibacterial activity against gram positive and myocbacteria and broad cytotoxic activity against several cell-line systems. Large scale production of khat cultures for the commercial production of such biologically active components is a promising system worthy of further investigation. It would be ironic if khat, which is considered a plant of abuse, turned out to be a miracle plant with efficacious medical properties. Spectral assignment and cytotoxicity of 22-hydroxytingenone from Glyptopetalum sclerocarpum. Some practical considerations and application of the national cancer institute in vitro anticancer drug discovery screen. Studies on (-)-cathinone formation in micropropagated plants and tissue cultures of Catha edulis (Khat). Catha edulis: In vitro culture and the production of cathinone and other secondary metabolites. X-ray analysis of netzhaulcoyone, a triterpene quinone methide from Orthosphenia mexicana. Isolation and characterization of natural products from plant tissue cultures of Maytenus bachananii. Cowpea is the one mainly grown and all three are often termed cowpea in this country. All are annuals native to southern Asia that have been long grown under cultivation. The plants are generally near prostrate and vining although upright varieties are available. Leaflets are generally somewhat heai-t shaped, up to 6 inches long and 4 inches wide. Plants require a long, warm growing season, so cultivation is mainly in the "Cotton Belt. The pod of catjang is smaller, 3 to 5 inches long, and the seeds also are smaller. The seeds are harvested at the green shell stage or when ripe, as are southern peas. Labiatae Catnip, Catmint, Catnep We have information from several sources: Production of Catnip in North Carolina-J. The market for the bark has gone through a heavy increase in 1996, and then a large drop off (see Table 1), spurred by concerns in quality and lack of interest in the herb. The medicinal uses of the stem and root bark that are most well-known to indigenous people are for inflammations (especially rheumatism), arthritis, urinary tract infections and gastric ulcers. Some indigenous groups only use the water stored in the stem to quench thirst, and as a restorative drink. External bark with superficial fissures; internal bark is fibrous and golden brown. Leaves are simple, opposite and distinct, elliptic to elliptic-oblong in shape; 7. The external bark has superficial longitudinal fissures, and the internal bark is fibrous, with the ground bark the color golden yellow. The leaves are simple, opposite and distinct; oblong, oblong-ovate, or elliptic; 7. The leaf margins are entire; apex is acute, or rarely acumate; base is round and/or cordate. Cultivars and Chemotypes There are no cultivars offered in agricultural trade; however, two chemotypes have been identified of Peruvian U. It has been found that the pentacyclic alkaloid type is immunopotentiating; whereas, the tetraacyclic alkaloid type is immunosuppressing. The leaves have not been found useful commercially, however, there are groups in Lima who are researching this for possible commercial uses. If the soil of the forest is moist enough, cuttings are said to be easy to reproduce by directly inserting them into the forest floor. Yield in managed forests depends on density, and densities that have been reported for U. Harvesting Today, the root is not normally harvested because of the destructiveness of this method of harvest. Although there are different chemotypes found in the field, there are no known morphological differences to distinguish them. Generally, it is recommended that the vine is cut at 8 inches to a meter above the ground and left to regenerate. Vines are only harvested at 8 or more years old, otherwise the diameter of the vine is not sufficient for bark removal. As a regular practice, the cut vine is stripped of its bark in the field due to the weight of carrying out the whole vine, and the inner stem is disgarded. In Iquitos, this practice is currently opposite due to local commercial use of the inner stem for furniture making. It is generally dried in the sun or shade, and it is then best packaged in waterproof sacks for shipping. Box 1741 Gibsons, British Columbia Canada V0N 1V0 phone: (604) 885-4713 fax: (604) 885-4784 email: armana@dccnet. Universidad Nacional Agraria La Molina Facultad de Ciencias Forestales: Lima, Peru. References Uses Most species have been used in many ways by the local cultures, wherever they grow, and they are widely distributed. The pithy core, where rootstock and sprouting new stem join, is eaten roasted or boiled. Reported to be anodyne, anticoagulant, astringent, aphrodisiac, diuretic, emetic, hemostat, refrigerant, sedative, styptic, suppurative, tonic, uterotonic, vermifuge, and vulnerary, cattails are a folk remedy for amenorrhea, bruises, burns, cystitis, diarrhea, dropsy, dysentery, ecchymosis, epistaxis, erysipelas, fever, gonorrhea, hematochezia, hematemesis, hematuria, leucorrhea, measles, metroxenia, ophthalmia, piles, scalds, snakebite, sores, swellings, tumors, vaginitis, wounds, etc. Leaves contain quercetin-3- neohesperidosid, quercetin- and kaempferol-3-glucoside, quercetin- and kaempferol-3-galactoside. The pollen, used both as a medicine and foodstuff, contains 19% crude protein, 17. Germplasm Reported from American, African, and Eurasian Centers of Diversity, cattail is reported to tolerate poor soil and waterlogging. Cultivation Not currently cultivated, but could be considered as a cultivar for ornament, food, or medicine by those disposed to use the plant. Propagation is usually by division, but the minute reed can be planted in pots in water. Harvesting If the rhizomes are to be harvested for energy or food, it is suggested that fall might be the best time for harvesting. While I believe these figures are extremely optimistic, I would endorse a serious study of cattails as a potential energy source. Douglas Pratt is quoted in the Washington Star to recommend several advantages to cattails. Cattail farms near sewage treatment plants could clean troublesome nitrogen and phosphorus from effluent. Unlike nuclear power and fossil fuels, cattails do not add heat and carbon dioxide to the earth but recycle them. According to one estimate, the United States has 140,000 square miles of wetlands from Alaska to the tip of Florida. Harvesting cattails in strips is compatible with preservation of wildlife and makes replanting unnecessary. Cattails are an annually renewable resource, whereas coal, oil and peat take thousands or millions of years to form.
These cultivars treatment uterine fibroids generic combivir 300 mg mastercard, whose fruits are either without or with unpronounced ribs and have rather rounded and oval seeds medications you can take while breastfeeding cheap combivir 300 mg free shipping, are grown from a little above sea level to nearly 1800 m medications peripheral neuropathy 300 mg combivir visa. At present medications that interact with grapefruit purchase 300mg combivir otc, the fruit of some cultivars (for example symptoms yeast infection men 300 mg combivir with visa, Zucchini and Cocozzelle) has a nutritional and commercial role in several regions of the world symptoms yeast infection men buy combivir 300mg. Uses and nutritional value Like the other cultivated species of the genus, the mature or young fruit and the seeds of C. Tendrils have two to six branchlets, or are simple and little developed tendrils in the semi-shrubby types. It has pentamerous, solitary, axillary flowers, the males of which have pedicels 7 to 20 cm in length, a campanulate calyx of 9 to 12 mm, linear sepals of 12 to 25 x 1 to 2 mm, a tubular/campanulate corolla, 5 to 10 cm long, which is divided into five for up to one-third or more of its length; and three stamens. The female flowers have sturdy, sulcated pedicels of 2 to 5 cm; the ovary is globose, oblate, ovoid, cylindrical, rarely piriform, smooth, ribbed or verrucose and multilocular; and the calyx is very small. The fruit is very variable in size and shape: smooth to heavily ebbed, often verrucose and rarely smooth, with a rigid skin varying in colour from light to dark green, plain to minutely speckled with cream or green contrasting with yellow, orange or two-coloured. The flesh is cream to yellowish or pale orange; it ranges from soft and not bitter to fibrous and bitter, has numerous seeds which are narrowly or broadly elliptical or rarely orbicular, slightly flattened and 3 to 20 x 4 to 12 mm. There are a great number of commercial cultivars with particular characteristics which, together with the local varieties referred to which are grown mainly in Mexico, constitute an extraordinary genetic stock. However, in contrast to other species, this diversity does not represent an important source of genes resistant to pests and diseases, since C. Species that might represent a secondary genetic stock are scarce, as most of the attempts at hybridizing C. However, this refers only to cultivated and edible forms, since those corresponding to the two closest wild relatives are very scarce and, in fact, those of C. In the former case, it is combined with maize, beans and/or with one to three of the other cultivated species of Cucurbita, while in the latter system it may be found growing on plots or in small groups. Where it is grown commercially, it is generally found as the sole crop, occupying areas of varying size. In the region of Mixteca Alta, Mexico, and particularly in San Andres Lagunas, some local variants have been found which are grown under two different sets of conditions and at two different times. One of these is known as heavy rain gourd (calabaza de temporal); it is grown on rocky ground, generally with abundant outcrops of limestone and commonly with little soil-that is, on dry ground. Sowing takes place in April and May, depending on the appearance of the first rains, and the ripe fruit is harvested in October and November. Another variant is known as the bowl gourd (calabaza de cajete); it is grown on ground called cajete (bowl), which is very flat and humid and situated in small valleys which are said to have once been occupied by lakes. In this form, it is sown at the start of the driest period of the year (February or March) and the ripe fruit is harvested between July and September. It is a short-cycle variety; sowing takes place approximately 15 to 20 days after the start of the heavy rainstorms (from May to June); the unripe fruit for use as vegetables is harvested from August onwards, while the ripe fruit is available between September and October. In the latter, evaluation of the primitive cultivars needs to be stepped up and their germplasm used to develop new cultivars that are more productive and of greater food value, or that are resistant to diseases, especially viruses. As has already been shown in the case of some species, there are also local varieties which differ in their production period. The direct use of these, or of the genes that determine this characteristic, would allow their period of availability at markets to be extended. The germplasm of the four species of Cucurbita should be urgently collected in their area of natural distribution. Boosting consumption, whether local or in the form of exports, requires the fruit to possess characteristics adapted to consignment and storage. There is a wide diversity of such characteristics which can be used to produce superior varieties. We ought also to explore the possibility of increasing the use of young stems, which are the part of the plant with the greatest food value because of the amino acid and vitamin content. The use of seeds as dried fruit is common in some areas of Mesoamerica and almost unknown in others. The seeds are a good source of protein and oil, and their industrial preparation and marketing should be investigated. There is still much to be done in terms of the collection, conservation, evaluation and use of regional or local varieties. We should not pass up the opportunity of utilizing this material to produce superior varieties and conserve their germplasm for future use. However, it is now evident that it was domesticated in Latin America, although it is still unclear what the precise area of domestication of either species was. On numerous occasions, it has been reported to be in Mesoamerica and on other occasions in South America, more specifically with its centre of origin in Colombia. However, it has enabled us to reaffirm the strong relationship between this species and taxa of the C. Its spread to other countries, both within Latin America and outside the continent, was certainly very early. This is shown by the existence of the variety called Seminole Pumpkin, grown since pre-Columbian times by indigenous groups of Florida in the United States, and also by its appearance in seventeenth-century botanical illustrations. Such an early spread must have been very continuous and intense since, in the last decade of the nineteenth century, the species was cultivated in India, Java, Angola and Japan. The seeds are eaten whole, roasted or toasted and are ground into different stews. It is herbaceous, annual, monoecious, lightly and densely pubescent, with short and long uniseriate trichomes and caulescent vegetative apices that are fairly reflexed. Its leaves have petioles of 30 cm or more, are broadly ovate-cordate to suborbicular, measure 20 to 25 x 25 to 30 cm, have white spots, are slightly lobate with three to five ovate or triangular lobules. The male flowers have 16 to 18 cm pedicels and a very short calyx, are broadly campanulate to pateriform, expanded or foliaceous towards the apex, 5 to 13. The female flowers have thick pedicels of 3 to 8 cm in length, and a globose, ovoid, oblate, cylindrical, piriform, conical, turbinate ovary. They have a very small calyx and sepals that are more often foliaceous than in the males, measure up to 7. The fruit varies greatly in size and shape (generally following the form of the ovary): smooth or with rounded ribs, rarely verrucose or granulose, with a rind that is both thickened and durable and soft and smooth, and of a very variable colour-light green to uniform dark green or with cream spots, light to dark, or completely white. The flesh is light or bright orange to greenish, ranges from light to very sweet, is soft and generally not fibrous. It has numerous seeds which are ovate/elliptical, measuring 8 to 21 x 5 to 11 mm and which have a yellowish-white surface. However, while it is true that this species is preferentially grown within these limits, they do not appear to be strictly adhered to , as variants have recently been found above 2200 m in Oaxaca, Mexico. Among the former, the short-cycle variety commonly grown in Mayan vegetable gardens is of great interest, since it was certainly from this that the most commercially important variety in the region was derived. It should be mentioned that those cultivated in Guanajuato and Chiapas are currently being used in genetic improvement programmes. Prominent among these are Butternut Squash, Golden Cushaw, Large Cheese, Tennessee Sweet Potato, Kentucky Field, Menina Brasileira and others. Some of these commercial cultivars also have different levels of resistance and/or susceptibility to certain diseases, which is indicative of the wide genetic variation of this species. These come chiefly from Mexico and Central America and to a lesser degree from South America and other regions of the world. Collectively, the accessions are made up of American material, mainly from Central America. It is possible to find varieties grown in maize fields together with maize, beans and one or two other Cucurbits, or in vegetable gardens and other more intensively managed farmland where they are grown alone or with other species. In the long-cycle varieties, the young fruit to be used as vegetables is harvested approximately three months after sowing, while the ripe fruit for seed is harvested mainly between the sixth and seventh month. It is likely that varieties such as the ones described, and possibly others, are grown more commonly than is thought or known on the American continent. There are some old references to a considerable variation in Colombia, but its current situation has to be properly documented and evaluated. Cucurbita ficifolia Botanical name: Cucurbita ficifolia Bouche Family: Cucurbitaceae Common names. Malabar gourd, cidra, sidra; Nahuatl: chilacoyote (Mexico, Guatemala): Spanish: lacoyote (Peru. Bolivia, Argentina), chiverri (Honduras, Costa Rica), victoria (Colombia) Origin, domestication and distribution At the end of the last and the beginning of this century, some authors were suggesting an Asiatic origin for Cucurbita ficifolia. Some authors have suggested Central America or southern Mexico as places of origin, while others suggest South America, and more specifically the Andes. Biosystematic studies have been unable to support the Mexican origin suggested by the distribution of common names derived from Nahuatl throughout America. Attempts at obtaining hybrids beyond the first generation with the other four cultivated species have failed and the few results obtained have required the use of special techniques such as embryo cultivation. In addition to the foregoing observations, the recent discovery that Peponapis atrata does not appear to be a specific pollinator of C. This is why the possibility of using wild (or cultivated) species in future programmes for the genetic improvement of this crop and their use in the improvement of other cultivated species of the genus is still remote. The importance of these programmes lies in the fact that collections have been identified which are resistant or completely immune to the attack of different viruses that severely affect other cultivated species. Its spread to Europe (France and Portugal, for example) and Asia (India) apparently began in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries when its fruit reached the Old World from South America and India. Since then, its cultivation has spread to many other parts of the world (Germany, France, Japan and the Philippines). The unripe fruit is eaten boiled as a vegetable, while the flesh of the ripe fruit is used to prepare sweets and soft or slightly alcoholic drinks. The seeds are also greatly valued and in Chiapas, Mexico, they are used with honey to prepare desserts known as palanquetas. In some regions of Mexico (and perhaps other countries of the continent), the young stems (or "runner tips") and also the flowers are eaten as a cooked vegetable, while the ripe fruit is used as fodder for domestic animals. The latter is the commonest use in the Old World where this species has been introduced. The most important nutritional value is found in the seeds which provide a considerable source of protein and oil. As indicated by its white colour, the flesh of the fruit is deficient in beta-carotene, and has a moderate quantity of carbohydrates and a low vitamin and mineral content. Recent research in Chile has shown that some proteolytic enzymes from the flesh of C. This discovery is of great interest because of the reduction in costs that these industries could achieve by using enzymes which would replace those imported at present. In Japan and Germany, it has been used as a support or rootstock for the winter production of cucumber (Cucumis sativus L. It has five vigorous, slightly angular stems and leaves with 5 to 25 cm petioles that are ovate-cordate to suborbicular-cordate. The male flowers are long and pedicellate, have a campanulate calyx that is 5 to 10 mm long and almost as wide, 5 to 15 x 1 to 2 mm linear sepals and a tubular-campanulate corolla that is rather broader towards the base, 6 to 12 cm long and yellow to pale orange. The female flowers have sturdy peduncles, 3 to 5 cm long, an ovoid to elliptical, multilocular ovary: sepals that are occasionally foliaceous and a corolla that is somewhat larger than that of the male flowers. The fruit is globose to ovoid-elliptical, with three colour patterns: i) light or dark green, with or without longitudinal white lines or stripes towards the apex; ii) minutely spotted white and green; iii) white, cream or flesh white. The flesh is sweet and the seeds are ovate-elliptical, flattened, 15 to 25 x 7 to 12 mm, and a dark brown to black or creamy white colour. The restriction of cultivation to areas of considerable altitude is a distinctive characteristic of C. However, in other respects this species is much less different than are other cultivated species of the genus. Among its most notable morphological variations are the coloration and size of its fruit and seeds. The scant morphological variation of this species is consistent with that observed in the patterns of isoenzymes studied so far. From the agronomic point of view, it is possible to acknowledge the existence of some genetic diversity for C. Field observations have revealed that some medium-sized fruits contain 500 or more seeds and that each plant can produce more than 50 fruits. In these cases, sowing is carried out in the early months of the year and the crop is harvested from the dry season (April) until that corresponding to summer (May to July). This has made it possible to ensure almost uninterrupted production throughout the year. The only form of propagation is the sowing of seed, together with one of the traditional crops of this type of agriculture (maize, bean and other species of Cucurbita), or else cultivation in vegetable gardens along with other species or by itself. Biosystematics, theories on the origin and breeding potential of Cucurbita ficifolia. Systematics and evolution of a domesticated squash, Cucurbita argyrosperma and its wild and weedy relatives.
