X
|
STUDENT DIGITAL NEWSLETTER ALAGAPPA INSTITUTIONS |
|
Stanley J. Kogan, MD
It is a case of ectopic pregnancy with implantation of blastocyst in the right uterine tube why smoking causes erectile dysfunction order eriacta 100 mg without a prescription. The treatment is surgical removal of right uterine tube with the implanted embryo and sending it for histopathological examination for confirmation erectile dysfunction in diabetes ppt 100 mg eriacta with mastercard. If the conceptus is removed intact it presents the embryo in closed gestational sac impotence over 50 eriacta 100mg fast delivery. As the cleaving blastocyst is passing through the uterine tube for implantation in the uterus erectile dysfunction drugs lloyds discount eriacta 100 mg with mastercard, it is prevented from adhering to tubal mucosa by the zona pellucida. The zona pellucida of the cleaving blastocyst that is rolling on the uterine wall gradually becomes thin on 5th day. If fertilized ovum cannot reach the uterus by 5th day of fertilization, the implantation of blastocyst takes place in the extrauterine site and in the present case in the uterine tube. Epithelia lining the external surfaces of the body, and terminal parts of passages opening to the outside are ectodermal in origin. Epithelium lining the gut, and of organs that develop as diverticula of the gut, is endodermal in origin. Mesenchyme is made up of cells that can give rise to cartilage, bone, muscle, blood and connective tissues. Most bones are formed by endochondral ossification, in which a cartilaginous model is first formed and is later replaced by bone. Some bones are formed by direct ossification of membrane (intramembranous ossification). In the case of long bones, the shaft (or diaphysis) is formed by extension of ossification from the primary center of ossification. In growing bone, the diaphysis and epiphysis are separated by the epiphyseal plate (which is made up of cartilage). Most smooth muscle is formed from mesenchyme related to viscera and blood vessels. The myelin sheaths of peripheral nerves are derived from Schwann cells, while in the central nervous system they are derived from oligodendrocytes. The musculoskeletal, blood vascular and parts of urinary and genital systems develop from them (Table 7. Epithelial tissue: Epithelium consists of cells arranged in the form of continuous sheets. Epithelia line the external and internal surfaces of the body and of body cavities. Connective tissue: Connective tissue proper includes loose connective tissue, dense connective tissue and mebooksfree. Muscular tissue: this is of three types: (1) skeletal, (2) cardiac and (3) smooth. Nervous tissue: this tissue consists of neurons (nerve cells), nerve cell processes (axons and dendrites) and cells of neuroglia. In general, ectoderm gives rise to epithelia covering the external surfaces of the body; and some surfaces near the exterior. Endoderm gives origin to the epithelium of most of the gut; and of structures arising as diverticula from the gut. Mesoderm gives origin to the epithelial lining of the greater part of the urogenital tract. Coelomic cavities: Mesothelium lining the pericardial, peritoneal and pleural cavities; and cavities of joints. Urogenital system: Tubules of kidneys, ureter, trigone of urinary bladder; uterine tubes, uterus, part of vagina; and testis and its duct system. Glands Almost all glands, both exocrine and endocrine, develop as downgrowths (diverticulum) from the epithelial surface into the underlying tissue (Figs 7. Later the development of these downward extensions differs in exocrine and endocrine glands. The opening of the duct (or ducts) is usually situated at the site of the original outgrowth. Special senses: Epithelium over cornea and conjunctiva, external acoustic meatus and outer surface of tympanic membrane. Digestive system: Epithelium of some parts of the mouth, lower part of anal canal. Urogenital system: Terminal part of male urethra, parts of female external genitalia. The remaining cells that make up the bulk of mesoderm get converted into a loose tissue called mesenchyme. The fibers and ground substance are synthesized by the cells of the connective tissue. D Formation of loose Connective Tissue At the site of formation of loose connective tissue, the mesenchymal cells get converted into fibroblasts. Fibroblasts secrete the ground substance and synthesize the collagen, reticular and elastic fibers. Some mesenchymal cells present in the developing connective tissue also get converted into histiocytes, mast cells, plasma cells and fat cells. The formation of cells of blood begins very early in embryonic life (before somites have appeared) and continues throughout life. Blood formation is especially rapid in the embryo to provide for increase in blood volume with the growth of the embryo. In the 3rd week of embryonic life, formation of blood vessels and blood cells is first seen in the wall of the yolk sac, around the allantoic diverticulum and in the connecting stalk. In these situations, clusters of mesodermal cells aggregate to form blood islands. These mesodermal cells are then converted to precursor cells (hemangioblasts) that give rise to blood vessels and blood cells. Cells, which are present in the center of the blood island, form the precursors of all blood cells (hematopoietic stem cells). Cells at the periphery of the island form the precursors of blood vessels (angioblasts;. They are soon replaced by permanent stem cells, which arise from the mesoderm surrounding the developing aorta. In the late embryonic period, formation of blood starts in the liver, which remains an important site of blood cell formation till the 6th month of intrauterine life. Here totipotent hemal stem cells give rise to pluripotent lymphoid stem cells and pluripotent hemal stem cells. In the case of erythrocytes, stem cells divide so rapidly that they seem to burst. The precursors of various types of blood cells are generally regarded as being of mesodermal in origin. At a site where cartilage is to be formed, mesenchymal cells become closely packed. The mesenchymal cells then become rounded and get converted into cartilage forming cells or chondroblasts.
Oxytocin from the neurohypophysis Prolactin from the corpus luteum the influence of vasopressin Placental lactogen Neurohumoral reflexes 246 impotence spell cheap eriacta 100mg visa. The urologist may describe the reattachment of a severed vas deferens (vasovasostomy) as successful erectile dysfunction doctor lexington ky buy 100 mg eriacta with mastercard, more than 90% of the time erectile dysfunction devices diabetes order eriacta 100mg without a prescription. Spermatogonia are exposed to humoral factors Genetic recombination in haploid sperm creates novel antigens Cryptorchid testes are often incapable of producing fertile sperm Vasectomy prevents phagocytosis of sperm by macrophages Sperm coated with autoimmune antibodies are unable to fertilize an egg 368 Anatomy erectile dysfunction acupuncture order eriacta 100 mg online, Histology, and Cell Biology 247. She presents with irregular menstrual cycles and heavy, prolonged, irregular uterine bleeding and undergoes an endometrial biopsy. It precedes ovulation It depends on progesterone secretion by the corpus luteum It coincides with the development of ovarian follicles It coincides with a rapid drop in estrogen levels It produces ischemia and necrosis of the stratum functionale 248. A proton pump similar to that of parietal cells and osteoclasts Acid secretion derived from intracellular carbonic acid Secretion of lactic acid by the stratified squamous epithelium Bacterial metabolism of glycogen to form lactic acid Synthesis and accumulation of acid hydrolases in the epithelium Reproductive Systems 369 249. A 33-year-old woman with an average menstrual cycle of 28 days comes in for a routine Pap smear. It has been 35 days since the start of her last menstrual period, and a vaginal smear reveals clumps of basophilic cells. If the hormone necessary for maintenance of this structure in the photomicrograph below were absent 12 to 14 days after ovulation in a human female, which of the following would be the result Maintenance of the uterine epithelium for implantation beyond 14 days after ovulation d. The formation of a corpus albicans from the structure 370 Anatomy, Histology, and Cell Biology 251. The accompanying diagram shows a cross section of a developing human endometrium and myometrium. Cells in the layers labeled A and C in the figure below secrete plasminogen activator and collagenase that is required for which of the following Breakdown of the basement membrane between the thecal and granulosa layers, facilitating ovulation d. Facilitation of follicular atresia through breakdown of the basement membrane between the theca interna and externa 372 Anatomy, Histology, and Cell Biology 253. Regulation of metabolism Transfer of maternal antibodies to the suckling neonate Removal of waste products during gestation Facilitate clotting of ejaculated semen in the female Enhancement of sperm function Reproductive Systems Answers 235. Elevated estrogen levels result in increased secretion of lytic enzymes, prostaglandins, plasminogen activator, and collagenase to facilitate the rupture of the ovarian wall and the release of the ovum and the attached corona radiata. Leydig cells are located between seminiferous tubules and are responsible for the production of testosterone. The star delineates a cluster of Leydig cells, found between the seminiferous tubules. Leydig cell tumors develop in males between 20 and 60 years of age and produce androgens, estrogens, and sometimes glucocorticoids. It supports the function of Sertoli cells, which serve a nutritive role in sperm cell maturation. Parathyroid hormone (answer e) is synthesized and released from the principal cells of the parathyroid gland. Testosterone is necessary for maintenance of spermatogenesis as well as the male ducts and accessory glands. Sertoli cells have extensive tight (occluding) junctions between them that form the bloodtestis barrier. Sertoli cells communicate with adjacent cells through gap junctions and extend from outside the blood-testis barrier (basal portion) to luminal (apical portion). During spermatogenesis, preleptotene spermatocytes cross from the basal to the adluminal compartment across the zonula occludens between adjacent Sertoli cells. The testis is composed of seminiferous tubules containing a number of spermatogenic cells undergoing spermatogenesis and spermiogenesis. The cells labeled with the arrowheads are spermatogonia, the derivatives of the embryonic primordial germ cells. These cells comprise the basal layer and undergo mitosis (spermatocytogenesis) to form primary spermatocytes, which have distinctive clumped or coarse chromatin (marked by arrows). Secondary spermatocytes are formed during the first meiotic division and exist for only a short period of time because there is no lag period before entry into the second meiotic division that results in the formation of spermatids. The spermatids begin as round structures and elongate with the formation of the flagellum. This last part of seminiferous tubule function is the differentiation of sperm from spermatids (spermiogenesis) and is complete with the release of mature sperm into the lumen of the tubule. Also shown are the seminiferous tubules (C) and the mediastinum testis containing the rete testis (A). Sperm leave the seminiferous tubules through short tubuli recti into the straight tubules of the rete testis, which subsequently drain into the efferent ductules. The thick muscular wall is unique in the presence of an inner longitudinal, a middle circular, and an outer longitudinal layer of smooth muscle. The ureter has two thin layers of muscle: inner longitudinal and outer circular (answer c). The male and female urethra contain extensive vascular channels (answers a and b). The epididymis consists of a connective tissue stroma and stores sperm, resorbs fluid, and produces sperm maturation factors (answer e). The thickwalled arteries of the penile and cavernous sinuses of penile erectile tissue are also a distinguishing feature of this organ. Action of the parasympathetic nervous system mediates the dilation of these vessels during erection. Seventy percent of carcinomas of the prostate arise from the main (external gland), also known as the outer (peripheral) glands (answer b). The prostate consists of three parts: (1) a small mucosal (inner periurethral) gland, (2) a transition zone that consists of a submucosal (outer periurethral) gland, and (3) a peripheral portion known as the main, or external, gland. Because of the peripheral location, most prostatic carcinomas (primarily adenocarcinomas) remain undiagnosed until the later symptoms of back pain or blockage of the urethra are detected. Benign prostatic hypertrophy, also known as benign nodular hyperplasia, occurs in the mucosal and submucosal glands, which are rarely sites of carcinoma. Benign hyperplasia causes urethral obstruction in its early 376 Anatomy, Histology, and Cell Biology stages because of its location in the mucosal and submucosal glands surrounding the urethra. The main gland is sensitive to androgens, whereas the periurethral glands are sensitive to androgens and estrogens. The easy access of tumor cells to the extensive axillary blood supply and lymphatic drainage facilitates the spread of the cancer into the blood and lymph supplies. Self-examination and mammography are urged in an attempt to increase early diagnosis, which has reduced mortality of this disease. Germ cell tumors (answer d) of the testes (testicular neoplasms) are classified as seminomas (germinomas) of pure germ cells and more heterogeneous cell types. This results in eversions (mistakenly called "erosions"), which are sites of exposed uterine columnar epithelium in the acidic, vaginal milieu. These sites often become reepithelialized as stratified epithelium (squamous metaplasia) and are believed to be the location of cancerous transformation in the cervix. As part of the process of reepithelialization, the openings of cervical mucous glands are obliterated, which results in the formation of nabothian cysts. The seminal vesicle produces about 50% of the seminal fluid on a volume basis and comprises most of the ejaculate. The wall consists of smooth muscle and the mucosa of anastomosing "villus-like" folds. In comparison, the prostate (answers a and d) is composed of 15 to 30 tubuloalveolar glands surrounded by fibromuscular tissue with concretions in the lumina. The prostate secretes a thin, opalescent fluid that contributes Reproductive Systems Answers 377 primarily to the first part of the ejaculate and includes acid phosphatase, spermine (a polyamine), fibrolysin, amylase, and zinc. Spermine oxidation results in the musky odor of semen, and fibrolysin is responsible for the liquefaction of semen after ejaculation. Acid phosphatase and prostaticspecific antigen are important for the diagnosis of metastases.
Chapter 9 Birth Defects and Prenatal Diagnosis 119 metabolism erectile dysfunction 31 years old order 100mg eriacta with amex, resistance to infection erectile dysfunction with normal testosterone levels discount 100mg eriacta fast delivery, and other biochemical and molecular processes that affect the conceptus erectile dysfunction psychological treatment techniques generic 100 mg eriacta with amex. The most sensitive period for inducing birth defects is the third to eighth weeks of gestation erectile dysfunction medscape generic 100 mg eriacta amex, the period of embryogenesis. For example, cleft palate can be induced at the blastocyst stage (day 6), during gastrulation (day 14), at the early limb bud stage (fifth week), or when the palatal shelves are forming (seventh week). Furthermore, whereas most abnormalities are produced during embryogenesis, defects may also be induced before or after this period; no stage of development is completely safe. Mechanisms may involve inhibition of a specific biochemical or molecular process; pathogenesis may involve cell death, decreased cell proliferation, or other cellular phenomena. Principles of Teratology Factors determining the capacity of an agent to produce birth defects have been defined and set forth as the principles of teratology. They include the following: 1 Susceptibility to teratogenesis depends on the genotype of the conceptus and the manner in which this genetic composition interacts with the environment. The maternal genome is also important with respect to drug A were commonly produced by the drug thalidomide. Birth defects due to rubella (German measles) during pregnancy (congenital rubella syndrome) used to be a major problem, but development and widespread use of a vaccine have nearly eliminated congenital malformations from this cause. Often, the mother has no symptoms, but the effects on the fetus can be devastating. The infection can cause serious illness at birth and is sometimes Chapter 9 Birth Defects and Prenatal Diagnosis 121 fatal. On the other hand, some infants are asymptomatic at birth, but develop abnormalities later, including hearing loss, visual impairment, and intellectual disability. Herpes-induced abnormalities are rare and usually infection is transmitted to the child during delivery, causing severe illness and sometimes death. Intrauterine infection with varicella causes scarring of the skin, limb hypoplasia, and defects of the eyes and central nervous system. The occurrence of birth defects after prenatal infection with varicella is infrequent and depends on the timing of the infection. Other Viral Infections and Hyperthermia Malformations apparently do not occur following maternal infection with measles, mumps, hepatitis, poliomyelitis, echovirus, coxsackie virus, and influenza, but some of these infections may cause spontaneous abortion or fetal death or may be transmitted to the fetus. For example, coxsackie B virus may cause an increase in spontaneous abortion, while measles and mumps may cause an increase in early and late fetal death and neonatal measles and mumps. Hepatitis B has a high rate of transmission to the fetus, causing fetal and neonatal hepatitis; whereas hepatitis A, C, and E are rarely transmitted transplacentally. Also, there is no evidence that immunizations against any of these diseases harm the fetus. A complicating factor introduced by these and other infectious agents is that most are pyrogenic (cause fevers), and elevated body temperature (hyperthermia) caused by fevers or possibly by external sources, such as hot tubs and saunas, is teratogenic. Characteristically, neurulation is affected by elevated temperatures and neural tube defects, such as anencephaly and spina bifida, are produced. Poorly cooked meat; feces of domestic animals, especially cats; and soil contaminated with feces can carry the protozoan parasite Toxoplasmosis gondii. A characteristic feature of fetal toxoplasmosis infection is cerebral calcifications. Other features that may be present at birth include microcephaly (small head), macrocephaly (large head), or hydrocephalus (an increase in cerebrospinal fluid in the brain). In a manner similar to cytomegalovirus, infants who appear normal at birth may later develop visual impairment, hearing loss, seizures, and intellectual disability. Radiation Ionizing radiation kills rapidly proliferating cells, so it is a potent teratogen, producing virtually any type of birth defect depending upon the dose and stage of development of the conceptus at the time of exposure. Among women survivors pregnant at the time of the atomic bomb explosions over Hiroshima and Nagasaki, 28% spontaneously aborted, 25% gave birth to children who died in their first year of life, and 25% gave birth to children who had severe birth defects involving the central nervous system. Similarly, the explosion of the nuclear reactor at Chernobyl, which released up to 400 times the amount of radiation as the nuclear bombs, has also resulted in an increase in birth defects throughout the region. Radiation is also a mutagenic agent and can lead to genetic alterations of germ cells and subsequent malformations. A National Institutes of Health study discovered that pregnant women, on average, took four medications during pregnancy. Even with this widespread use of medications during pregnancy, insufficient information is available to judge the safety of approximately 90% of these drugs if taken during pregnancy. On the other hand, relatively few of the many drugs used during pregnancy have been positively identified as being teratogenic. In 1961, it was noted in West Germany that the frequency of amelia and meromelia (total or partial absence of the extremities), a rare abnormality that was usually inherited, had suddenly increased. This observation led to examination of the prenatal histories of affected children and to the discovery that many mothers had taken thalidomide early in pregnancy. The causal relation between thalidomide and meromelia was discovered only because the drug produced such an unusual abnormality. If the defect had been a more common type, such as cleft lip or heart malformation, the association with the drug might easily have been overlooked. Limb defects still occur in babies exposed to the drug, but it is now clear that other malformations are produced as well. These abnormalities include heart malformations, orofacial clefts, intellectual disability, autism, and defects of the urogenital and gastrointestinal systems. Other drugs with teratogenic potential include the anticonvulsants diphenylhydantoin (phenytoin), valproic acid, and trimethadione, which are used by women who have seizure disorders. Specifically, trimethadione and diphenylhydantoin produce a broad spectrum of abnormalities that constitute distinct patterns of dysmorphogenesis known as the trimethadione and fetal hydantoin syndromes. The anticonvulsant valproic acid increases the risk for several defects, including atrial septal defects, cleft palate, hypospadius, polydactyly, and craniosynostosis, but the highest risk is for the neural tube defect, spina bifida. The anticonvulsant Carbamazepine also has been associated with an increased risk for neural tube defects and possibly other types of malformations. Antipsychotic and antianxiety agents (major and minor tranquilizers, respectively) are suspected producers of congenital malformations. Although evidence for the teratogenicity of phenothiazines is conflicting, an association between lithium and congenital heart defects, especially Ebstein anomaly, is better documented, although the risk is small. Use of the drug in pregnancy has resulted in spontaneous abortions and birth defects, including cleft lip and palate, microtia (small ears), microcephaly, and heart defects. Infants born to mothers with first trimester exposures typically have skeletal abnormalities, including nasal hypoplasia, abnormal epiphyses in their long bones, and limb hypoplasia. Caution has also been expressed regarding a number of other compounds that may damage the embryo or fetus. The most prominent among these are propylthiouracil and potassium iodide (goiter and intellectual disability), streptomycin (hearing loss), sulfonamides (kernicterus), the antidepressant imipramine (limb deformities), tetracyclines (bone and tooth anomalies), amphetamines (oral clefts and cardiovascular abnormalities), and quinine (hearing loss). There is a well-documented association between maternal alcohol ingestion and congenital abnormalities. The Chapter 9 Birth Defects and Prenatal Diagnosis 123 and norethisterone have considerable androgenic activity, and many cases of masculinization of the genitalia in female embryos have been reported. The abnormalities consist of an enlarged clitoris associated with varying degrees of fusion of the labioscrotal folds. Endocrine disrupters are exogenous agents that interfere with the normal regulatory actions of hormones controlling developmental processes. Most commonly, these agents interfere with the action of estrogen through its receptor to cause developmental abnormalities of the central nervous system and reproductive tract. Furthermore, a high percentage of these women had reproductive dysfunction caused in part by congenital malformations of the uterus, uterine tubes, and upper vagina. Male embryos exposed in utero can also be affected, as evidenced by an increase in malformations of the testes and abnormal sperm analysis among these individuals. In contrast to women, however, men do not demonstrate an increased risk of developing carcinomas of the genital system. Today, environmental estrogens are a concern, and numerous studies to determine their effects on the unborn are under way. Decreasing sperm counts and increasing incidences of testicular cancer, hypospadias, and other abnormalities of the reproductive tract in humans, together with documented central nervous system abnormalities (masculinization of female brains and feminization of male brains) in other species with high environmental exposures, have raised awareness of the possible harmful effects of these agents. Oral Contraceptives Birth control pills, containing estrogens and progestogens, appear to have a low teratogenic potential. Cortisone Experimental work has repeatedly shown that cortisone injected into mice and rabbits at certain stages of pregnancy causes a high percentage of cleft palates in the offspring. Even binge drinking (>5 drinks per sitting) at a critical stage of development appears to increase the risk for birth defects, including orofacial clefts. Cigarette smoking has been linked to an increased risk for orofacial clefts (cleft lip and cleft palate).
Eriacta 100 mg cheap. Precision Pump with Erection Enhancer.
Syndromes
The body thinks the baby is dead and the neurochemicals of grief flood the system erectile dysfunction free samples buy 100 mg eriacta visa. In a natural birth erectile dysfunction doctors in fresno ca purchase 100 mg eriacta mastercard, the mother will produce natural opiates and beta-endorphins to counteract any experience of pain and induce feelings of pleasure and well-being in mother and baby erectile dysfunction icd 9 code 2013 purchase eriacta 100 mg line. But unfortunately erectile dysfunction pills herbal discount eriacta 100mg on-line, those important hormonal ingredients will not be present and baby will suffer as a result. Consider the words of this brilliant video entitled "Epidural Release Form," which is a parody of so-called "informed consent. These opiates are so powerful that they can cause women to have an outof-this-world or high feelings in between contractions and they also have been known to cause euphoria during and after birth. When I receive an epidural, I understand that my baby will feel the pain of labor more intensely because my body will stop producing and circulating the hormones mentioned above. I choose that my own pain be removed and that my baby feels the pain of labor more intensely. However, there is some validity to the notion of the self-absorbed mother who, during the birth of her child, thinks only of herself with very little regard to what is happening for the baby. Surely these types of decisions (along with the drugs) are at the root of poor mother-child bonding and bad mother-child relationships that last throughout life. Many, many animals give birth to their offspring in natural surroundings and none of them perish or experience suffering. Nor did the Creator come up with any thought of pain for His beloved creation, Man. Just as loving parents would never conjure up the thought of pain for their children. This reward is the feeling of bliss and the chain of joyful ecstasies during labor, but certainly not pain. It is Man himself, deceived by the occult sciences and suggestions from the dark side, who by his own intrusion has made childbirth painful for the mother and a fatal shock for the baby. Such a state instills in him fear and a lack of selfconfidence, which continue even into adulthood, even into his most advanced years. After hearing the call of his mother and father, the child will perceive the labor contractions as a caress - an invitation to make his appearance of his own free will, to explore a world that is brand new to him. To be born of his own free will - that is an indication of great and extraordinary significance. All the information imparted by god during a birth like this will be preserved in him. When the woman experiences fear over her labor, this fear is felt by the child in the womb. In this kind of birth, the child feels for the first time in his life that he is not the master of the Universe, but a worthless nonentity, subject to some kind of external forces. His body is born, but the spirit of mastery and of a kind creator is not born in him. A mere slave of some other entity he will remain, and he will try his whole lifetime to free himself from slavery, but in vain. The infant, who has not yet appeared in the world, suddenly loses contact with his mother and, consequently, with the whole order of the grand Creation. People believe a child is born into the world, while he, at the moment of birth, feels himself forlorn. And while it seems as though this infant man has thrived, what has remained alive, in fact, is only the flesh. He will try to use what paltry remains he can reclaim of his spiritual substance to search for his Divine self throughout his life. It is hurting all of us and making it very difficult for our children to lead any kind of a happy life. Had I gone to the hospital to give birth to Anastasia, it is likely she also would have suffered this same fate. My grandmother was severely traumatized by the medically caused death of her baby. Because of this trauma, her maternal 228 capacities were majorly compromised and she was unable to experience deep love for my mother when my mother was born. The first thing my grandmother said when my mother was finally brought to her after the birth was. This lineage of disturbed mother-infant bonding was passed on to me and I was never able to bond with my mother either. Like my grandmother, I did not recognize Anastasia as my own child and indeed, the neurochemicals that were circulating through my body when she was born were not the chemicals of love, but of extreme grief. During my third pregnancy which ended in abortion, doctors repeatedly exerted forceful pressure on my womb during sonograms and vaginal exams. My mother willingly handed over her birthing power to the medical profession, just as her mother did before her. Both women chose to experience medically managed, drug-drenched labor, and technological birth. I followed this family heritage during my first three pregnancies, willingly giving away my power to the technocratic gods. However, I caught myself by the time I reached my fourth pregnancy, at which point I started to break free of the spell. By the time Anastasia was born, I was fully ready 229 to own my birthing power, but unfortunately, a lineage of unresolved prenatal and birth trauma prevented me from embodying it. My grandmother gave birth to my mother in a hospital and my mother gave birth to me in a hospital. In both cases, mom and baby were immediately separated after birth (a common hospital practice which leads to terrified infants and grieving mothers). She and I were immediately separated after her birth, and although I was conscious of the fact that hospitals do this all the time and that I did not want this to happen to me and my baby (one of the main reasons I chose home birth), I nevertheless created/attracted this same sad experience due to my unresolved trauma and traumatic repetition. The above is just a partial list of the insights I gained during my years of birth trauma study. Over time, I gathered enough information to fully understand the impact of prenatal and birth trauma on the human psyche. Stephanie Mines so that I could help other birth trauma sufferers access the healing they need through learning Jin Shin self-care. I also trained to become an ambassador for Template Ceremonies 1 and 2 so that I could assist people in the reconnection of their bio-circuitry for complete restoration of electromagnetic flow. Because trauma disrupts the electromagnetic circuitry of the human spirit/body/mind system, I believe that energetic healing is the most effective means of rewiring our nervous system and resolving early shock and trauma. In addition to Jin Shin and the Template Ceremonies, I also found craniosacral therapy to be helpful and enjoyed working with Rebecca Goff ( Her film is entitled "Birth As We Know It" and contains some of the most exquisite footage of water birth that I have ever seen. In addition to being a filmmaker, Elena also offers Birth Into 230 Being workshops that are helpful for the repatterning of birth trauma. There were/are several other things that I found to be very supportive during my healing journey. Fire-dancing is something I never would have considered doing while living in New York. Fire-dancing gave me a potent outlet to express and move some of the intense emotions I was experiencing. It also enabled me to reconnect and ground in my physical body and express an aspect of feminine sensuality that I had held in check for most of my life. Swimming in the ocean with dolphins and whales (and turtles) was also extremely beneficial for the reorganization of my brain chemistry, as these beings emit sonar sound waves that alter the neurological impulses of humans.