Vinay Kumar, MBBS, MD, FRCPath

• Donald N. Pritzker Professor and Chairman, Department of Pathology, Biologic Sciences Division and Pritzker School of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vinay_Kumar_(pathologist)

A retrospective study of Creutzfeldt­Jakob disease in England and Wales 1970­1979 gastritis bacteria buy pantoprazole 40 mg free shipping. Mild cognitive impairment: beyond controversies gastritis quizlet order 20mg pantoprazole, towards a consensus: report of the International Working Group on Mild Cognitive Impairment gastritis diet 4 believers generic 20 mg pantoprazole amex. Diffusion- and perfusion-weighted brain magnetic resonance imaging in patients with neurologic complications after cardiac surgery gastritis symptoms bloating buy cheap pantoprazole 40 mg line. Heat stroke; aetiopathogenesis chronic gastritis with focal intestinal metaplasia pantoprazole 20mg cheap, neurological characteristics gastritis zittern buy pantoprazole 20mg amex, treatment and outcome. Short-term memory impairment in an alert patient as a presentation of herpes simplex encephalitis. Creutzfeldt­Jakob disease without periodic sharp wave complexes: a clinical, electroencephalographic, and pathologic study. Although the most common cause of depression is major depressive disorder, it is critical to subject each depressed patient to a thorough diagnostic evaluation before concluding that major depressive disorder, or perhaps one of the other idiopathic disorders discussed below, is the cause. Clinical features the syndrome of depression, in its fully developed form, includes not only a depressed or irritable mood, but also other symptoms, as listed in Table 6. Mood is depressed or sometimes irritable; some, in addition to these symptoms, may also complain of anxiety. At times patients may deny a depressed mood, but rather complain of a sense of discouragement, or perhaps lassitude and a sense of being weighted down. Self-esteem typically sinks during depression, and the workings of conscience may become so prominent as to create an almost insupportable burden of guilt: patients may see their sins multiply in front of them, and in reviewing their past may be blind to their accomplishments and see only their misdeeds. Pessimism settles in and patients see no hope for themselves, either now or in the future. Patients may say that they would not mind if they were in a fatal accident or died of some disease. Others may actively seek death, perhaps by hanging, shooting, jumping from bridges, or taking overdoses. Memory seems to fail, and patients may be unable to recall where they put things or what was said. Attempts at cognitive activities often end in failure: patients, in trying to read a book, may read the same paragraph again and again, and find themselves unable to absorb or understand what they have read. Anhedonia represents an inability to take pleasure in things, and patients may complain that nothing arouses or attracts them. Thus unable to experience pleasure, patients lose interest in formerly pleasurable activities and must force themselves to get through their days, which, to them, seem desolate and lifeless. Libido is especially lost, and patients may withdraw entirely from any sexual activities. The anergia may be so extreme that patients are unable to complete routine tasks; some may even be unable to find the energy to get dressed. Examples include the premenstrual dysphoric disorder, some medication-induced depressions, and ictal depressions. In practice, most clinicians will relax the time duration in proportion to the increasing severity and number of symptoms. Etiology awaken well before the desired time of arousal and then are unable to fall back asleep. When morning finally does come, patients arise unrefreshed and exhausted, sometimes feeling as if they had not slept at all. Hypersomnia is relatively uncommon: here, patients may sleep 12, 16, or even 18 hours a day. Remarkably, despite such extremes of sleep, patients do not feel refreshed during their waking hours. Appetite is typically lost and this anorexia may be accompanied by an altered taste. Patients may complain that their food has no taste or has perhaps become unpalatable; some may say their food tastes like cardboard. Although some patients may force themselves to eat, most cannot and weight loss is typical, possibly extreme. Increased appetite is relatively uncommon but when it does occur the accompanying weight gain may be impressive. When more severe, there may be hand-wringing and restless pacing: patients may complain of being unable to keep still; they may loudly lament their fate, and some may give way to wailing and miserable pleas for help. The tension experienced by these patients may be almost palpable to the observer and yet, despite their pleas, these patients cannot be comforted no matter what is done for them. Patients may speak slowly and haltingly, and some may become mute, as if the effort to speak were simply too great; if asked, they may report that their thoughts are sluggish and come very slowly. These patients may move very little, and some may become almost completely immobile: efforts to get them up may be met with reluctance, even irritation, and some patients, if left to themselves, may neither bathe nor change their clothes. There is debate as to how many of these symptoms must be present before a syndromal diagnosis of depression is warranted. I recommend, as a preliminary approach, reserving the diagnosis for those who, in addition to a depressed mood, also have at least three of the remaining symptoms noted in Table 6. There is also debate as to the duration of symptoms before the diagnosis is given. Although it is customary to the various causes of depression are listed in Table 6. The first group includes the primary or idiopathic disorders, such as major depressive disorder: the disorders in this group account, by far, for the most cases of depression. The next group includes toxic depressions, which may be either medication induced, for example the depression seen with high-dose prednisone, or due to substances of abuse or toxins, as may be seen in chronic alcoholism. Metabolic depressions are considered next, including such disorders as obstructive sleep apnea. Medication or substance withdrawal depressions follow, and include depressions occurring upon discontinuation of long-term treatment with anticholinergic medications or as may be seen during withdrawal from stimulants. Depression may also be seen in a large number of other intracranial disorders, for example in the syndrome of post-stroke depression. Each of these groups is considered in more detail below, beginning with the primary or idiopathic disorders. It must also be kept in mind that it is not at all uncommon that in any given patient more than one disorder may be present. For example, a patient with wellestablished major depressive disorder, with a long history of recurrent depressions, may come down with a depression during a course of prednisone treatment, which remits shortly after treatment is discontinued. Furthermore, some depressions may be multifactorial: consider a patient, again with well-established major depressive disorder, who, shortly after treatment with metoclopramide, develops a depression that persists for weeks, or longer, rather than remitting after p 06. In this instance, it is reasonable to assume that the medication triggered a new depressive episode of the major depressive disorder, which then persisted. Given that bipolar disorder may commence with one, or several, episodes of depression before the first episode of mania occurs, one must, in evaluating a patient who has had only depressive episodes, allow a lengthy period of observation to pass before making a firm diagnosis of major depression. Statistically speaking, in patients with bipolar disorder, the first episode of mania will, in over 90 percent of cases, occur within 10 years of the first depressive episode or by the time five or more episodes of depression have occurred, whichever comes first (Dunner et al. Although not as reliable, certain clinical characteristics of the depressive episode may also suggest whether that depressive episode is occurring on a basis of bipolar disorder or major depression. Specifically, depressive episodes of bipolar disorder are, in contrast with those of major depression, more likely to have an acute onset (over weeks rather than months) (Winokur et al. Dysthymia is characterized by chronic, low-level, and generally fluctuating depressive symptoms. Premenstrual dysphoric disorder is characterized by relatively brief depressions that occur with each menstrual cycle, beginning anywhere from hours to one and a half weeks before the onset of menses and remitting spontaneously 2­3 days after menstrual flow begins. The depression is typically characterized by prominent lability of mood (Bloch et al. Post-partum blues is immediately suggested by its onset within the first few days post-partum and by its characteristic lability of affect (Pitt 1973; Rohde et al. Post-partum depression is distinguished from the post-partum blues by its later onset, with a latency of at least several weeks between delivery and the onset of the depression. Differentiating schizoaffective disorder from bipolar disorder may be difficult (Pope et al. Post-psychotic depression in schizophrenia is seen in about one-third of patients with schizophrenia. In these patients, after a more or less complete remission of psychotic symptoms (whether occurring spontaneously or by virtue of antipsychotic treatment), a depressive episode occurs, typically within a matter of months (Mandel et al. In contrast with schizoaffective disorder, however, there is during this post-psychotic depression no exacerbation of psychotic symptoms. This list of medicines should not be considered comprehensive, and the clinician should maintain a high index of suspicion for a medication-induced depression whenever such temporal relationships can be established, and other, more common, causes of depression appear absent. Chronic alcoholism is commonly associated with depression, indeed a majority of newly admitted alcoholics will be so affected (Davidson 1995). Importantly, the symptoms typically resolve spontaneously during the first 4 weeks of abstinence (Brown et al. Lead intoxication may be characterized by depression (Schottenfeld and Cullen 1984), and the diagnosis should be considered in cases wherein the depression is accompanied by a motor peripheral neuropathy with wrist or, less commonly, foot drop. Alpha-interferon, as used in the treatment of hepatitis C and melanoma, is another major offender, inducing depression within a few weeks in approximately one-third of all patients: the effect here is so profound that prophylactic treatment is recommended, with one study demonstrating effectiveness for paroxetine (Musselman et al. Depression has also been associated with beta-1b-interferon, but this is comparatively rare. Metoclopramide, although producing depression in only a very small percentage of patients who take it, is, however, so commonly prescribed that it too Obstructive sleep apnea may cause a depression marked by tiredness, indecisiveness, irritability, and complaints of insomnia (Millman et al. The diagnosis is suggested by a history of prominent snoring, and by a relief of symptoms upon successful treatment of the sleep apnea, as for example with continuous positive airway pressure. Chronic hypercalcemia, as seen in hyperparathyroidism, may be accompanied by depression (Linder et al. In one case of B12 deficiencyinduced depression, the only clue was a concurrent macrocytic anemia (Fraser 1960). Chronic niacin deficiency causes pellagra, which, in one case, presented with a combination of depression and the familiar rash/diarrhea (Hardwick 1943). Anabolic steroids may be taken chronically by athletes; abrupt discontinuation may be followed by a depression (Pope and Katz 1988) that tends to remit spontaneously within weeks or months. In addition to such features as weight gain, hair loss, dry skin, and voice change, the condition is also suggested by prominent fatigue, sluggishness, and drowsiness (Nickel and Frame 1958). Hyperthyroidism, although generally associated with anxiety and agitation, appears just as likely to cause depression (Kathol and Delahunt 1986; Trzepacz et al. Apathetic hyperthyroidism is a condition seen in elderly patients with hyperthyroidism, and is distinguished from the more common presentation of hyperthyroidism seen in younger patients by marked apathy and the relative absence of tremor (Lahey 1931; Thomas et al. Important clues to the correct diagnosis include atrial fibrillation or congestive heart failure (Arnold et al. Suggestive features include weight gain, moon facies, hirsutism, acne, a buffalo hump, violaceous abdominal striae, hypertension, and diabetes mellitus (Haskett 1985; Spillane 1951). Adrenocortical insufficiency, when chronic, may cause depression (Engel and Margolin 1941; Varadaraj and Cooper 1986) and is suggested by associated features such as nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, and postural dizziness. Hyperaldosteronism, as may occur with adrenal tumors, very rarely, may cause depression: in one case the diagnosis was suggested by hypokalemia and weakness and cramping of the legs (Malinow and Lion 1979). Depression may occur in the context of various neurodegenerative and dementing disorders. Hereditary mental depression with parkinsonism is a very rare familial disorder that presents with depression, followed, years later, by parkinsonism (Perry et al. Multi-infarct dementia, suggested by its stepwise course and prominent focal findings, produces depression in over one-half of all sufferers (Cummings et al. Post-stroke depression has also been associated with infarction of the left basal ganglia (Morris et al. Traumatic brain injury may be associated with depression in up to one-half of all patients (Federoff et al. Multiple sclerosis is more likely to cause depression than are other comparably debilitating disorders such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (Schiffer and Babigian 1984; p 06. Although this depression is correlated with overall disability early in the course of the disease (Millefiorini et al. As with other signs of multiple sclerosis, the depression may also have a relapsing and remitting course (Dalos et al. Epilepsy may be associated with depression, not only in that certain partial seizures may manifest with depression, but also, and, from a numeric point of view, more importantly, in that patients with epilepsy may develop a chronic, interictal depression. Partial seizures (Weil 1956, 1959; Williams 1956) may manifest with the paroxysmal onset of depression, which may be severe, with psychomotor retardation or agitation, and which may last for from minutes to , in cases of complex partial status epilepticus, weeks. In addition to the paroxysmal onset, important clues to the diagnosis are the presence of olfactory hallucinations and a history of more typical seizures at other times. Interictal depression of epilepsy occurs in a large proportion of patients with recurrent seizures (Mendez et al. Intracerebral tumors may cause depression, as has been noted with tumors of the anterior portion of the corpus callosum (Ironside and Guttmacher 1929). Hydrocephalus may present with depression (Jones 1993) and in a minority of cases of normal-pressure hydrocephalus, it may play a prominent part in the overall clinical picture (Pujol et al. What is disputed, however, is how frequently it does so: some have found depression to be common in lupus (Ainiala et al. The diagnosis should be suspected in patients with arthralgia, rashes, and constitutional symptoms. Limbic encephalitis may present with a depression, which is later joined by other, more typical evidence of the encephalitis, such as delirium (Glaser and Pincus 1969) or dementia (Corsellis et al. Differential diagnosis Depression is a normal reaction to the adverse events of life, especially losses, and this normal depression must be distinguished from depression caused by one of the disorders described above. First, the severity of normal depression is generally proportionate to the severity of the preceding adverse event, whether it be the loss of a loved one, serious illness, or financial reversals; thus, although severe symptoms are to be expected after the death of a child, they would not be normal after, say, getting a parking ticket. Second, normal depressions generally remit spontaneously and do so, in most cases, within 6 months or so, rarely, if ever, lasting more than a year (Harlow et al.

In striking contrast hemorrhagic gastritis definition discount 40 mg pantoprazole otc, if the same paragraph is read out loud to the child gastritis endoscopy generic pantoprazole 40 mg otc, he or she may then be able to paraphrase it with little difficulty gastritis diet books buy pantoprazole 20 mg lowest price. In some cases entire sentences may be reversed gastritis diet 80% order 40mg pantoprazole overnight delivery, with the written words reading from right to left on the page gastritis symptoms heart palpitations cheap pantoprazole 40 mg otc. Mental retardation is characterized by deficient reading gastritis diet ãîãëå discount 40mg pantoprazole with mastercard, but here, in contrast to developmental dyslexia, one finds deficits in other academic skills. This is probably an uncommon disorder, and is probably more common in boys than girls. Course Although there may be some spontaneous improvement over long periods of time, the overall natural course is marked by a chronic difficulty in reading. Penmanship may or may not be poor; at times the penmanship far outshines what is actually written. Importantly, and in stark contrast to what they write, these children are often able to express themselves quite well when speaking. Etiology Developmental dyslexia is clearly familial; concordance among dizygotic twins is about 25 percent, and among monozygotic twins it rises to about 50 percent. Autopsy studies in males reveal cortical dysgenesis, which, although widespread, is concentrated in the left peri-sylvian areas (Galaburda et al. In females, although similar findings were noted, there was, in addition, widespread glial scarring (Humphreys et al. Of note, and again in males, dysplastic changes have also been identified in the medial geniculate body and the posterior lateral nucleus of the thalamus (Galaburda and Eidelberg 1982). Magnetic resonance scanning has also suggested a lack of normal cerebral asymmetry of the planum temporale (Hynd et al. Of interest, recent work has demonstrated that specific evoked potential abnormalities in infants predict the appearance of dyslexia (Molfese 2000). Overall, it appears likely that developmental dyslexia occurs secondary to an inherited disturbance of neuronal migration, resulting in cortical microdysgenesis of the temporal cortex. Course In the natural course of events, developmental dysgraphia appears to be chronic. Etiology Apart from the fact that dysgraphia tends to run in families (Schulte-Korne 2001), little is known about its etiology. Differential diagnosis Developmental dyslexia is distinguished by a concurrent difficulty with reading, and mental retardation by associated deficits in other academic abilities. This is a relatively common disorder, occurring in 5­6 percent of school age children, and is seen with roughly equal frequency in boys and girls. Synonyms for this disorder include mathematics disorder and developmental arithmetic disorder. Clinical features Stuttering typically first appears between the ages of 2 and 10 years. The stuttering itself may occur with any word or, alternatively, only with certain syllables or letters. Often these attempts are accompanied by repetitive grimacing, blinking, hissing, or forceful thrusting of the head, arms, or even the trunk. After the sound or word is eventually spoken, there may be a veritable cascade of words, all correctly pronounced, until the next verbal stumbling block is encountered. Stuttering is generally worse when patients are anxious, pressed for time, or speaking in front of a group. Interestingly, fluency may be improved or even restored if the patient reads a text, speaks in unison with others, or sings. Clinical features In severe cases, patients are unable to perform the simplest of numerical operations, such as counting to 10. In other cases, children, although able to count, are unable to perform simple addition; those who progress to the mastery of simple addition may be unable to subtract, multiply, or divide. Course Roughly one-half of patients will experience considerable improvement by the early teenage years (Shalev et al. Autopsy studies are lacking; however, both magnetic resonance spectroscopy (Levy et al. Course Spontaneous remission occurs in about three-quarters of patients by early teenage years, and is more likely to occur in girls than boys. Differential diagnosis An inability to learn arithmetic has also been noted in children who were born prematurely with very low birth weight (Issacs et al. Inability to learn arithmetic may also, of course, be seen in mental retardation of any cause; however, here it is associated with other cognitive disabilities, thus distinguishing it from developmental dyscalculia, in which the inability to learn arithmetic occurs in isolation. New-onset dyscalculia in a child who has previously learned to do arithmetic is, of course, inconsistent with a diagnosis of developmental dyscalculia; such a scenario has been reported in a child with a left temporoparietal tumor (Martins et al. Etiology Developmental stuttering is clearly familial, and linkage studies suggest loci on chromosomes 7 and 12 (Suresh et al. Magnetic resonance imaging has indicated both reduced cerebral asymmetry of the plana temporalia and disruption of gyral architecture along the left peri-sylvian cortex (Foundas et al. Taken together, these findings are consistent with an inherited disorder of neuronal migration to the left superior perisylvian cortex. Acquired stuttering differs clinically from developmental stuttering in that acquired stuttering is likely to occur on any syllable, regardless of where it falls in a word, rather p 09. Furthermore, those with acquired stuttering rarely demonstrate the kind of forceful effort to overcome a block as is seen with developmental stuttering. In cases in which stuttering persists despite adequate speech therapy, consideration may be given to pharmacologic treatment. Various medications have been demonstrated to be effective in double-blind trials, including clomipramine (mean dose 150 mg) (Gordon et al. As there have been no head-to-head comparative studies of these agents, choosing among them requires clinical judgment. In this regard, it should be borne in mind that haloperidol, although effective, was poorly tolerated. 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Charlie Warzel gastritis tea discount 40 mg pantoprazole, "A Major Police Body Cam Company Just Banned Facial Recognition gastritis symptoms list purchase 40 mg pantoprazole free shipping, " New York Times gastritis diet dr oz generic pantoprazole 20mg fast delivery, June 27 gastritis smoking discount 40mg pantoprazole with mastercard, 2019 gastritis emedicine generic pantoprazole 20 mg with mastercard. Paul Mozur gastritis webmd order 40 mg pantoprazole with visa, "In Hong Kong Protests, Faces Become Weapons, " New York Times, July 26, 2019. See also Andrew Selbst, "Accountable Algorithmic Futures: Building Empirical Research into the Future of the Algorithmic Accountability Act, " Data & Society: Points, April 19, 2019, points. A Local Law to amend the administrative code of the City of New York, in relation to reporting on automated decision systems used by city agencies, Int. 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Cathrin Schaer, "A German City of Industry Gets a Modern Makeover, " CityLab, September 19, 2019. Moy, "America Under Watch: Face Surveillance in the United States, " the Center on Privacy & Technology at Georgetown Law, May 16, 2019. Joe Parkinson, Nicholas Bariyo, and Josh Chin, "Huawei Technicians Helped African Governments Spy on Political Opponents, " Wall Street Journal, August 15, 2019. Caroline Haskins, "300 Californian Cities Secretly Have Access to Palantir, " Motherboard, July 12, 2019. He also noted that the proposal requires unreasonable government commitments (such as creating new roles for public administrators and changing regulations). George Zegarac, "Re: Plan Development Agreement Threshold Issues, " October 29, 2019, waterfrontoronto. Sam Dean, "A 26-Year-Old Billionaire Is Building Virtual Border Walls-and the Federal Government Is Buying, " Los Angeles Times, July 26, 2019. 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This is not dissimilar to the popular narrative that views privacy or due process safeguards as "friction" that impedes the ability for law enforcement or national security agencies to do their job effectively. Shazeda Ahmed, "Shazeda Ahmed on the Messy Truth about Social Credit, " Berkeley School of Information, April 23 2019. Sarah Roberts, Behind the Screen: Content Moderation in the Shadows of Social Media (New Haven, Yale University Press, 2019); Lilly Irani, "Difference and Dependence among Digital Workers: the Case of Amazon Mechanical Turk, " South Atlantic Quarterly 114, no. Eve Tuck and Wayne Yang, "Decolonization Is Not a Metaphor, " Decolonization: Indigeneity, Education & Society 1, no. As scholar and activist Roxanne Dunbar-Ortiz has stated, there is an urgent need to address the core issue of settler colonialism as well as racism in Indigenous policy and advocacy. 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Ruben Van De Ven, "Choose How You Feel; You Have Seven Options, " Institute of Network Cultures, January 25, 2017, networkcultures. Emotion-Recognition Software Confuses Expressions for Feelings, " OneZero, Medium, October 28, 2019, onezero. Lisa Feldman Barrett, Ralph Adochs, and Stacy Marsella, "Emotional Expressions Reconsidered: Challenges to Inferring Emotion From Human Facial Movements, " Psychological Science in the Public Interest 20, no. Cade Metz, "Facial Recognition Tech Is Growing Stronger, Thanks to Your Face, " New York Times, July 13, 2019. Shamma, "The Ins and Outs of the Yahoo Flickr Creative Commons 100 Million Dataset, " code. Adam Harvey and Jules LaPlace, "MegaPixels: Origins, Ethics, and Privacy Implications of Publicly Available Face Recognition Image Datasets, " April 18, 2019, megapixels. For a comprehensive look at the state of technology in healthcare, see Eric Topol, Deep Medicine (New York: Basic Books, 2019). For infrastructural approaches to analyzing algorithms, see Jean-Christophe Plantin, Carl Lagoze, Paul N. Edwards, and Christian Sandvig, "Infrastructure Studies Meet Platform Studies in the Age of Google and Facebook, " New Media & Society 20, no. Edwards, "We Have Been Assimilated: Some Principles for Thinking About Algorithmic Systems, " in Living with Monsters? Ulrike Schultze, Margunn Aanestad, Magnus Mдhring, Carsten Шsterlund, Kai Riemer (Cham, Switzerland: Springer International Publishing, 2018). The Medical Data of Millions of Americans Is at Risk, " Guardian, November 14, 2019. Tariq Shaukat, "Our Partnership with Ascension, " Inside Google Cloud, November 11, 2019 (last modified November 12, 2019), cloud. The cloud computing market size for healthcare is anticipated to reach nearly $30 billion by 2026. Daisuke Wakabayashi, "Google and the University of Chicago Are Sued over Data Sharing, New York Times, June 26, 2019. Hejblum et al, "Probabilistic Record Linkage of De-identified Research Datasets with Discrepancies Using Diagnosis Codes, " Scientific Data 6, 180298 (January 2019), doi. Someday a Computer May Use It to Identify You, " New York Times, October 23, 2019. Gyeongcheol Cho, Jinyeong Yim, Younyoung Choi, Jungmin Ko, and Seoung-Hwan Lee, "Review of Machine Learning Algorithms for Diagnosing Mental Illness, " Psychiatry Investigation 16, no. For ethical concerns, see Mason Marks, "Artificial Intelligence Based Suicide Prediction, " Yale Journal of Health Policy, Law, and Ethics (forthcoming, 2019), papers. Academy of Medical Royal Colleges, "Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare, " January 2019. Eric Topol, "Why Doctors Should Organize, " New Yorker, August 5, 2019. Could Worsen Health Disparities, " the New York Times, January 31, 2019. Johnson, "Racial Bias in a Medical Algorithm Favors White Patients over Sicker Black Patients, " Washington Post, October 24, 2019. For original article, see Ziad Obermeyer, Brian Powers, Christine Vogeli, and Sendhil Mullainathan, "Dissecting Racial Bias in an Algorithm Used to Manage the Health of Populations, " Science 366, no. For examples of how technology design can impact health inequities, see Tiffany C. Ancker, "Good Intentions Are Not Enough: How Informatics Interventions Can Worsen Inequality, " Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association 25, no. Selbst, danah boyd, Sorelle Friedler, Suresh Venkatasubramanian, and Janet Vertesi, "Fairness and Abstraction in Sociotechnical Systems, " November 7, 2018, papers. Anna Lauren Hoffman, "Where Fairness Fails: Data, Algorithms, and the Limits of Antidiscrimination Discourse, " Information, Communication & Society 22, no. Christopher Jung, Michael Kearns, Seth Neel, Aaron Roth, Logan Stapleton, and Zhiwei Steven Wu, "Eliciting and Enforcing Subjective Individual Fairness, " arXiv:1905. Anders, Marcel Ackermann, Klaus-Robert Mьller, and Pan Kessel, "Explanations Can Be Manipulated and Geometry Is to Blame, " arXiv:1906. Tim Miller, "Explanation in Artificial Intelligence: Insights from the Social Sciences, " Artificial Intelligence 267 (2019): 1­38, arxiv. Benjamin Wilson, Judy Hoffman, and Jamie Morgenstern, "Predictive Inequity in Object Detection, " arXiv:1902. Terrance de Vries, Ishan Misra, Changhan Wang, and Laurens van der Maaten, "Does Object Recognition Work for Everyone? Ruth Reader, "Technology Biased against Black Patients Runs Rampant in Hospitals, " Fast Company, October 28, 2019. Joy Buolamwini and Timnit Gebru, "Gender Shades: Intersectional Accuracy Disparities in Commercial Gender Classification, " Conference on Fairness, Accountability and Transparency (2018): 77­91, gendershades. Tom Simonite, "The Best Algorithms Struggle to Recognize Black Faces Equally, " Wired, July 22, 2019. More recently, examples of poisoning were reported for modifying explainability methods, attacking text generators, and bypassing plagiarism and copyright detectors. Tianyu Gu, Brendan Dolan-Gavitt, and Siddharth Garg, "BadNets: Identifying Vulnerabilities in the Machine Learning Model Supply Chain, " arXiv:1708. Srivatsan Srinivasan, "Artificial Intelligence, Cloud, Data Trends for 2019 and Beyond, " Medium, March 12, 2019, medium. Peters, Swabha Swayamdipta, and Thomas Wolf, "Transfer Learning in Natural Language Processing, " Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North American Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Tutorials, June 2019, doi. Pedro Marcelino, "Transfer Learning from Pre-Trained Models, " Towards Data Science, Medium, October 23, 2018, towardsdatascience. Nicholas Carlini and David Wagner, "Towards Evaluating the Robustness of Neural Networks, " arXiv:1608.

The Office will record a legible photocopy or other legible facsimile reproduction of a signed notice gastritis symptoms in infants buy pantoprazole 20 mg with mastercard. In such cases gastritis diet 3-1-2-1 cheap pantoprazole 20 mg amex, there is no need to submit a sworn certification or an official certification stating that the reproduction is a true copy of the signed notice eosinophilic gastritis diet purchase 40 mg pantoprazole mastercard. Likewise hcg diet gastritis cheap pantoprazole 20 mg overnight delivery, a signed notice may be recorded atrophic gastritis symptoms diarrhea purchase 40mg pantoprazole free shipping, regardless of whether the signature(s) have been verified by a notary public or a certificate of acknowledgment gastritis symptoms of generic pantoprazole 20 mg with visa. If the remitter subsequently submits a signed copy of the notice, the recordation specialist may record the document if the requirements set forth in Section 2310. The date of recordation will be based on the date that the signed notice was received by the Office. Specifically, the remitter must pay a basic recording fee for each notice of termination. The basic recording fee is listed in the fee schedule under the heading "Recordation of document, including a notice of intention to enforce (single title). The additional filing fee is listed in the fee schedule under the heading "Additional titles (per group of 10 or fewer titles). For general guidance in calculating the filing fee for notices that contain two or more titles, see Calculating Fees for Recording Documents and Notices of Termination in the Copyright Office (Circular 12A). For guidance in identifying the number of titles listed in a notice, see Sections 2309. Copyright Office, the grantee may respond by sending a letter or other written response that challenges the sufficiency of the notice. The document bears the actual signature or an acceptable reproduction of the actual signature of the person or persons who executed it. The legibility, completeness, signature, and filing fee requirements are discussed in more detail in Sections 2309. If a document does not comply with these requirements, the recordation specialist may communicate with the remitter or may refuse to record the document. The remitter should submit a signed copy of the document to the following address together with the appropriate filing fee: U. When preparing a counter notice or a withdrawal, parties are strongly encouraged to include the title(s) and registration number(s) (if any) of the works that are subject to the notice of termination. In addition, parties are encouraged to attach a copy of the notice of termination to the document, and if the notice has been recorded with the Office, to include the identifying number that the Office assigned to that notice (if any). In such cases, the recordation specialist will include the title(s), registration number(s), and identifying number for the notice in the online public record for the counter notice or the withdrawal. In addition, the specialist may add a note to the record, such as: "[Counter notice to / withdrawal of] notice of termination filed under [identifying number], recorded on [date]. The recordation specialist will review a notice of termination for each of these elements and may refuse to record the notice if any of them are missing. Failing to serve and record a notice of termination in a timely manner is a fatal mistake that prevents the termination from taking effect. Therefore, the specialist will examine each notice to confirm that the relevant statutory deadlines have been met. However, the specialist will not attempt to confirm the validity of the alleged facts that are set forth in a notice. The Office may refuse to record a document as a notice of termination if the notice appears to be untimely. In such cases, the recordation specialist will take the following actions: If the notice is premature, the specialist will return it to the remitter so that the notice may be resubmitted within the proper statutory window. If the notice is late, the specialist will offer to record and index it as a document pertaining to copyright under Section 205(a) of the Copyright Act. The specialist will not record the document as a notice of termination, meaning that it will not be indexed as such. The following are representative examples of situations where a notice of termination may be considered untimely: the effective date of termination does not fall within the five-year termination period specified in Section 203(a)(3), 304(c)(3), or 304(d)(2). The document indicates that the notice of termination was served less than two or more than ten years before the effective date of termination. The document was received by the Office on or after the effective date of termination. The notice of termination was issued under Section 203, but the document indicates that the date of execution for the grant falls before January 1, 1978. The date of recordation for a notice of termination is the date when the Office receives the proper filing fee and a notice that satisfies the relevant requirements set forth in Section 201. Likewise, if the notice is returned to the remitter for correction, the date of recordation is based on the date that the corrected notice is received by the Office. Copyright Office is a mandatory requirement for terminating a grant under Sections 203, 304(c), or 304(d). However, the fact that the Office recorded a notice of termination does not create a legal presumption that the termination has been properly effected or that the notice is valid. As a general rule, an error may be considered harmless if it "do[es] not materially affect the adequacy of the information required" under sections 203, 304(c), or 304(d) of the statute. The following are representative examples of harmless errors that will not affect the validity of a notice, provided that the errors were made in good faith and without any intention to deceive, mislead, or conceal relevant information: Errors in identifying the date of registration or registration number. Errors in describing the precise relationships between the author and his or her heirs. If it turns out that the date of execution specified in the notice of termination is not the actual date of execution of the grant, the error may be considered harmless if it is as accurate as the terminating party is able to ascertain, and if the date is provided in good faith and without any intention to deceive, mislead, or conceal relevant information. Providing an erroneous date of execution, however, may not be considered harmless if the grant would have properly been subject to termination under section 203, rather than section 304 (or vice versa). Copyright Office-must determine whether a grant is eligible for termination under Sections 203, 304(c), or 304(d). The Office cannot provide specific legal advice on the rights of persons, issues involving a particular use of a copyrighted work, or other matters of a similar nature. If the answer is "yes, " the grant cannot be terminated under Sections 304(c) or 304(d). Copyright Office has created a separate "work made for hire questionnaire, " which may be useful in determining whether a particular work may be considered a work made for hire. If the answer is "yes, the work is a work made for hire, " the grant cannot be terminated under Sections 203, 304(c), or 304(d). To determine if the grant may be eligible for termination under Sections 304(c) or 304(d), proceed to Question 6. If the answer is "no, the grant was made on or before December 31, 1977, " proceed to Question 5. If the answer is "no, the work was created on or before December 31, 1977, " the grant cannot be terminated under Section 203. If the answer is "no, the work was first published on or after January 1, 1978" proceed to Question 10. If the answer is "no, the work was first published on or before December 31, 1951, " the grant cannot be terminated under Sections 203 or 304(c). To determine if the grant may be eligible for termination under Section 304(d), proceed to Question 13. Question 11: Was the work first registered with the Copyright Office on or before December 31, 1977? If the answer is "no, the work was first registered on or after January 1, 1978, " the grant cannot be terminated under Sections 203, 304(c), or 304(d). Question 12: Was the work first registered with the Copyright Office on or after January 1, 1952? If the answer is "no, the work was first registered on or before December 31, 1951, " the grant cannot be terminated under Sections 203 or 304(c). To determine if the grant may be terminated under Section 304(d), proceed to Question 13. If the answer is "no, the work was first published on or after October 27, 1939, " proceed to Question 15. If the answer is "no, the work was first published on or before December 31, 1932, " the grant is not eligible for termination under Sections 203, 304(c), or 304(d). If the answer is "no, the work was first registered on or after October 27, 1939, " the grant cannot be terminated under Sections 203, 304(c), or 304(d). If the answer is "no, the work was first registered on or before December 31, 1932, " the grant cannot be terminated under Sections 203, 304(c), or 304(d). Question 17: Has the author exercised his or her right to terminate the grant under Section 304(c)? If the answer to either of these questions is "yes, " the grant cannot be terminated under Sections 203, 304(c), or 304(d). If the answer to both of these questions is "no, " the grant may be eligible for termination under Section 304(d). If the answer is "yes, " the agreement cannot be terminated under Sections 203, 304(c), or 304(d). If the answer is "yes, the sound recording is a work made for hire, " the grant cannot be terminated under Sections 203, 304(c), or 304(d). If the answer is "no, the sound recording was first fixed on or before February 14, 1972, " the grant cannot be terminated under Sections 203, 304(c), or 304(d). If the answer is "no, " the grant cannot be terminated under Sections 203 or 304(d). For information concerning the procedure for terminating a grant under this provision, see Section 2310. If the answer is "no, the grant was made on or before December 31, 1977, " proceed to Question 6. If the answer is "yes, " the grant may be eligible for termination as a gap grant under Section 203. For information concerning the procedure for terminating a gap grant, see Section 2310. If the answer is "no, the work was first fixed on or before December 31, 1977, " the grant cannot be terminated under Sections 203 or 304(d). To determine if the grant may be eligible for termination under Section 304(c), proceed to Question 7. If the answer to both of these questions is "no, " the grant cannot be terminated under Sections 203, 304(c), or 304(d). If the answer is "no, the sound recording has not been published, " the grant cannot be terminated under Sections 304(c) or 304(d). Question 9: Was the sound recording first published on or before December 31, 1977? If the answer is "no, the sound recording was first published on or after January 1, 1978, " the grant cannot be terminated under Sections 304(c) or 304(d). To determine if the grant may be eligible for termination under Section 203, proceed to Question 3. Question 10: Was the sound recording first published on or after February 15, 1972? If the answer is "yes, " the grant may be eligible for termination under Section 304(c). If the answer is "no, " the grant cannot be terminated under Sections 304(c) or 304(d). If the answer is "yes, " the grant cannot be terminated under Sections 203, 304(c), or 304(d). Copyright Office has created a separate "work made for hire questionnaire, " which may be useful in determining whether a particular architectural work may be considered a work made for hire. If the answer is "yes, the architectural work is a work made for hire, " the grant cannot be terminated under Sections 203, 304(c), or 304(d). If the answer is "yes, " the grant may be eligible for termination under Section 203. If the answer is "no, " the grant cannot be terminated under Sections 203, 304(c), or 304(d). Copyright Office may record an affidavit, declaration, statement, or any other document purporting to abandon a claim to copyright or any of the exclusive rights granted to copyright owners under Sections 106 or 106A of the Copyright Act, provided that the following requirements have been met: Content of the document. The document should identify the claim that is subject to the abandonment, preferably including the author(s), title(s), and registration number(s) for the works (if any). It should provide the full name of the party who signed the document, and it should state that the party is the current owner or coowner of the copyright and/or the exclusive rights in the work. However, the document should be legible and capable of being imaged or otherwise reproduced by the technology employed by the Office at the time of its submission. If the copyright has been registered, the document should be signed by the copyright claimant(s) named in the certificate of registration or by an authorized agent of the copyright claimant(s). If the copyright has been transferred or assigned to a party who is not named in the certificate, or if the copyright has not been registered, the document should be signed by all of the owners or co-owners of the rights specified in the document or by an authorized agent of such owner(s). In all cases, the document must contain the actual signature(s) of the person or person(s) who executed the document or a legible photocopy or other facsimile of the signature together with a sworn certification that satisfies the requirements set forth in Section 201. The fee for recording an abandonment is the same as the fee for recording a document pertaining to copyright. To record an abandonment, the remitter should submit a signed copy of the document to the following address together with the appropriate filing fee: Library of Congress U. The Public Information Office will provide the remitter with a date-stamped receipt that lists the title of no more than one of the works listed in the abandonment. The Office will record an abandonment as a document pertaining to copyright without offering any opinion as to the legal effect of the document. The document will be returned to the party that submitted it, along with a certificate of recordation. In addition, the Office will create an online public record that identifies the title and registration number (if any) for the first work listed in the document, the name of the party who executed the document, the date of execution, the document number assigned to the recorded document, and the date of recordation. However, the Office will not cross-reference this record with the online public record for the registration(s) referenced in the document (if any).