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STUDENT DIGITAL NEWSLETTER ALAGAPPA INSTITUTIONS |
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Thomas Richard Gehrig, MD
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As noted in Chapters 5 and 6 medications similar to abilify generic procyclidine 5mg mastercard, there is a whole range of tenure options that may (or may not) provide security of tenure medications prescribed for depression discount procyclidine 5mg visa. Thus medicine lake mt cheap 5mg procyclidine overnight delivery, living in an informal settlement or in a residential area governed by customary or communal law does not inherently mean that a person treatment of hyperkalemia buy 5 mg procyclidine otc, household or community will be forcibly evicted from their homes and lands. It has to be recognized that there are no universal solutions to the provision of security of tenure and that challenges in this regard tend to be solved in different ways in different locations. Depending upon circumstances, there are a number of acceptable forms of secure tenure, and the merits of innovative policies are clear. The importance of the urban or local level lies in the fact that evictions are most frequently carried out by local authorities or other local actors. It is thus essential that local authorities, in their development strategies and planning, acknowledge the right to enjoy security of tenure. Likewise, the most important actors in any effort to prevent evictions are those operating at the local level. Various actions are currently being pursued at the international, national and local levels to reduce disaster risk in urban areas. Chapter 12 examines key policy areas where future prospects for building resilience against natural and human-made disasters in cities lie. In view of the increasing numbers of people being affected by disasters globally, risk reduction is now identified as a significant concern in several international frameworks and agreements. Disaster risk reduction is also highlighted in both international frameworks for urban development (the Habitat Agenda) and disaster risk reduction (the Hyogo Framework). Such international frameworks are important in focusing the attention of multilateral and bilateral donors, as well as international civil society actors, towards disaster risk reduction. They can also facilitate advocacy and guide the development of disaster risk reduction strategies at national and city levels. Furthermore, governments require assistance from the international community in the form of funding, data and information and technical expertise to establish or improve their disaster risk reduction systems. International assistance for disaster risk reduction should not focus primarily on recovery and reconstruction efforts, as has been the case in the past, but also on longer-term development objectives. Chapter 12 identifies a number of policies that, if adopted at the national level, can support city-level risk reduction planning and implementation. It is especially important that disaster risk reduction is mainstreamed within national development and poverty reduction policies and planning. Knowledge of disaster trends and impacts is fundamental in guiding the development of risk reduction policies. Governments thus need to improve risk, hazard and vulnerability assessment and monitoring capacity through increased investments, with support from the international community, where necessary. Technological innovation has greatly improved such assessments, although not equally in all countries. Participatory techniques offer a unique opportunity of generating basic data on hazard, vulnerability and loss where this is not available from centralized databases, as is the case in many low-income countries. In addition to informing policy formulation, assessment data should feed into national initiatives that aim to build a culture of awareness and safety through public education and information programmes. The use of education systems to raise awareness and skills for disaster risk reduction is especially effective in minimizing loss from disasters. Governments should also seek to build and strengthen national and local early warning systems. Cultural and linguistic diversity or socio-economic inequalities may lead to some people being excluded from early warning information and advice on how to respond to disaster. Involving local communities in vulnerability and hazard assessments can facilitate the dissemination of early warning messages and, thus, enhance local-level preparedness. Indeed, participatory and inclusive strategies that enable the full participation of relevant local actors should guide risk reduction activities at both national and city levels. Peoplecentred early warning systems, which bring together technical expertise for identifying approaching hazard with local expertise, are invaluable in diffusing early warning information and catalysing preventative action. The use of 238 Towards safer and more secure cities socially acceptable communication media to disseminate early warning information has been found to be particularly effective. Furthermore, knowledge derived from early warning systems should be linked to local-level action plans as these enable timely response and resource mobilization in the face of disasters. As highlighted in Chapter 12, city authorities can also implement a number of strategies to reduce disaster risk under the auspices of overarching national policies. Disaster risk reduction should become an integral part of urban planning and management, although this is not easy. A key constraint at the city level is a lack of capacity for enforcing regulations and implementation of plans. Differences in professional training and work practices, and budget lines that make a distinction between development and emergency also hamper progress. Interdisciplinary and intersectoral training, research and partnerships can be used to enhance implementation capacity at the city level. Involving the private sector in disaster risk reduction efforts can further enhance the capacity of city authorities to reduce loss from disasters. Land-use planning is a particularly effective instrument that can be employed by city authorities to reduce disaster risk by regulating the expansion of human settlements and infrastructure. Evidence-based land-use planning at the city level requires accurate and up-to-date data, which is lacking in many contexts, especially those with rapidly expanding populations and informal settlements. Participatory planning offers opportunities for extending land-use planning into informal settlements and slums. Designing disaster-resistant buildings and infrastructure in cities can save many lives and assets from natural and human-made disasters. The technical expertise to achieve this is available; but implementation is a major challenge. The safety standards of buildings and infrastructure can be improved through integrating risk reduction within construction design and project management. Partnerships between engineers, artisans and the public can help to promote disaster-proof construction locally. Increasing the prominence of disaster risk management in relevant academic and training courses has the potential to improve safer design and construction. Even where initial designs or construction methods have not been sound, retrofitting provides an option for ensuring safety standards. Indigenous designs should not be cast aside in the rush to modernize urban settlements, as valuable techniques for safe construction can be lost in the process. Greater partnership between humanitarian and development actors is the most likely way beyond this impasse. If humanitarian actors are to integrate development planning within their work, appropriate budgetary and institutional changes are necessary. Clear legislative frameworks should also be in place to avoid uncoordinated and fragmented action by city governments, local actors, donors and humanitarian agencies. Innovative financial programmes, such as microfinance or micro-insurance, are necessary for facilitating the revival of household and community economies, while avoiding the disempowering experience that can come with international humanitarian aid. Mobilizing spare capacity at the city level, such as medical stock and temporary accommodation, can enhance response and recovery efforts. All of the three chapters in this part of the report do, in fact, propose specific pathways to resilience, as discussed in Chapter 2. While working towards the goal of safer and more secure cities, it is obvious that the efforts undertaken at all of the various levels discussed in this Global Report have to address, often simultaneously, a number of issues in various arenas. Crime and violence cannot be addressed solely through a focus on more police or more jails. Similarly, security of tenure cannot be addressed through the provision of title deeds alone, and people cannot be protected against natural and human-made disasters if all efforts are concentrated at disaster response. Safer and more secure cities can only be realized through comprehensive initiatives that, at the same time, incorporate aspects of institutional and policy development, and international and national law, as well as the potential contributions of all relevant stakeholders, including civil society actors. The first explores the potential of the six groupings of policy responses to crime and violence identified in Chapter 4. The second section examines the emerging policy trends that were also identified in Chapter 4 in terms of their future utility.
There is controversy regarding the "parameters or elements" to be reported in the case of identifying positive surgical margins in resected glands 5 medications for hypertension cheap procyclidine 5 mg line. While most agree that the pT stage regardless of the margin status needs to be documented medications 142 buy 5 mg procyclidine with mastercard, there is no consensus on what aspects of surgical margin involvement are important to report medications gabapentin buy discount procyclidine 5 mg line. Although the status of surgical margins per se is not an element schedule 8 medications victoria procyclidine 5mg with amex, the prognostic importance of the phenomenon including its potential impact for further postsurgical treatment and outcome is an important prognostic factor. In reporting pathologic results of prostatectomy specimens pT stage should be reported along with margin status and a positive surgical margin should be indicated by an R1 descriptor (residual microscopic disease) as is currently the case. In an attempt to better stratify these patients compared to the previous stage groups and avoid the large number of patients previously placed in stage group 1, the seventh edition includes a new prognostic staging for clinically localized (T1 and T2) disease that include these clinically based variables. As a result, data continue to be collected in the National Cancer Database by registrars to provide long-term confirmatory data on the independent impact of multiple variables on prognosis. Because the vast majority of patients diagnosed with prostate cancer are diagnosed with clinically localized disease, similar to pretreatment tools, multiple predictive models for clinical outcome have been proposed posttherapy. Prostate cancer-specific survival and overall survival are key endpoints that many studies do not evaluate due to the length of follow-up required. Studies continue to evaluate predictors of ultimate outcome for patients following different therapies. A number of algorithms have been published that enable the merging of these data to predict local stage, risk of positive nodes, or risk of treatment failure. Each of these predictive tools employ common as well as unique variables and vary in their evaluation technique. Recent studies have demonstrated that Gleason score provides extremely important information about prognosis. Pathologic (pT)* pT2 Organ confined pT2a Unilateral, one-half of one side or less pT2b Unilateral, involving more than one-half of side but not both sides pT2c Bilateral disease pT3 Extraprostatic extension pT3a Extraprostatic extension or microscopic invasion of bladder neck** pT3b Seminal vesicle invasion pT4 Invasion of rectum, levator muscles, and /or pelvic wall *Note: There is no pathologic T1 classification. T4 tumor invading adjacent structures other than seminal vesicles, such as bladder, rectum, levator muscles, and/ or pelvic wall. Prostate 461 In order to view this proof accurately, the Overprint Preview Option must be set to Always in Acrobat Professional or Adobe Reader. Adjectives used to describe histologic variants of adenocarcinomas of prostate include mucinous, signet ring cell, ductal, and neuroendocrine including small cell carcinoma. Transitional cell (urothelial) carcinoma of the prostate is classified as a urethral tumor (see Chap. Long-term survival among men with conservatively treated localized prostate cancer. Competing risk analysis of men aged 55 to 74 years at diagnosis managed conservatively for clinically localized prostate cancer. The positive yield of imaging studies in the evaluation of men with newly diagnosed prostate cancer: a population-based analysis. Prospective evaluation of prostate-specific antigen density and systematic biopsies for early detection of prostatic carcinoma. Prostate cancer with bladder neck involvement: pathologic findings with application of a new practical method for tumor extent evaluation and recurrence-free survival after radical prostatectomy. Validation of Partin tables for predicting pathological stage of clinically localized prostate cancer. Analysis of clinical stage T2 prostate cancer: do current subclassifications represent an improvement Carroll P, Coley C, McLeod D, Schellhammer P, Sweat G, Wasson J, Zietman A, Thompson I. Digital rectal examination for detecting prostate cancer at prostate-specific antigen levels of 4 ng/ml or less. The vast majority of newly diagnosed needle biopsy detected prostate cancers are graded Gleason score 6 or above. For example, if a single focus of Gleason pattern 3 disease is seen, it is reported as Gleason score 3 + 3 = 6. It is recommended that radical prostatectomy specimens should be processed in an organized fashion where a determination can be made of a dominant nodule or separate tumor nodules. If a dominant nodule/s is present, the Gleason score of this nodule should be separately mentioned as this nodule is often the focus with highest grade and/or stage of disease. Long-term outcome following radical prostatectomy in men with clinical stage T3 prostate cancer. Cancer recurrence and survival rates after anatomic radical retropubic prostatectomy for prostate cancer: intermediate-term results. Selection of optimal prostate-specific antigen cutoffs for early detection of prostate cancer: receiver operating characteristic curves. The significance of positive surgical margin in areas of capsular incision in otherwise organ confined disease at radical prostatectomy. Correlation of pathologic findings with progression after radical retropubic prostatectomy. Prediction of progression following radical prostatectomy: a multivariate analysis of 721 men with long-term follow-up. Nonpalpable stage T1c prostate cancer: prediction of insignificant disease using free/total prostate-specific antigen levels and needle biopsy findings. Prostate-specific antigen detected prostate cancer: pathological characteristics of ultrasound visible versus ultrasound invisible tumors. Should a positive surgical margin following radical prostatectomy be pathological stage T2 or T3 Biochemical failure after radical prostatectomy in men with pathologic organconfined disease: pT2a versus pT2b. Comparison of clinically nonpalpable prostate-specific antigen-detected (cT1c) versus palpable (cT2) prostate cancers in patients undergoing radical retropubic prostatectomy. Ability of the 1992 and 1997 American Joint Committee on Cancer staging systems for prostate cancer to predict progression-free survival after radical prostatectomy for Stage T2 disease. Practice protocol for the examination of specimens removed from patients with carcinoma of the prostate gland. Stratification of pathologic features in radical prostatectomy specimens that are predictive of elevated initial postoperative serum prostate-specific antigen levels. Outcome evaluation of the 1997 American Joint Committee on Cancer staging system for prostate carcinoma treated by radiation therapy. Prognostic significance of positive surgical margins in patients with extraprostatic carcinoma after radical prostatectomy. The ability of the American Joint Committee on Cancer Staging system to predict progression-free survival after radical prostatectomy. Histologic differentiation, cancer volume, and pelvic lymph node metastasis in adenocarcinoma of the prostate. Positive surgical margins with radical retropubic prostatectomy: anatomic site-specific pathologic analysis and impact on prognosis. Prostate carcinoma patients upstaged by imaging and treated with irradiation- an outcome-based analysis. Bladder neck invasion is an independent predictor of prostate-specific antigen recurrence. Clinical and pathological characteristics, and recurrence rates of Stage T1c versus T2a or T2b prostate cancer. Comparison of magnetic resonance imaging and ultrasonography in staging early prostate cancer: results of a multi-institutional cooperative trial. Staging for prostate cancer: time to incorporate pretreatment prostate-specific antigen and Gleason score Interexaminer variability of digital rectal examination in detecting prostate cancer. Prediction of post-radical prostatectomy pathological outcome for Stage T1c prostate cancer with percent free prostate specific antigen: a prospective multicenter clinical trial. Comparative assessment of the 1992 and 2002 pathologic T3 substages for the prediction of biochemical recurrence after radical prostatectomy.
And although the human brain is capable of receiving information and frequencies from well above 3D medications for osteoporosis generic procyclidine 5 mg free shipping, most humans program it to reject anything above 3D frequencies of sensory conformity medicine 3d printing cheap procyclidine 5 mg. In such limiting paradigmic programming medications 123 procyclidine 5 mg with visa, the only parts of your brain that are activated are the right and left hemispheres of the upper cerebrum and portions of the lower cerebellum treatment broken toe order procyclidine 5mg fast delivery, composing and imposing an activity level of only about 10-12 percent of the brain. The brain activity and processes in the neocortex of the cerebral hemispheres conduct the primary activity in the physical realm. The 90% majority of your brain remains unused, un-activated, programmed into dormancy. That is because any thought that does not fit in with the limited thinking programs of your cultural programming or dogma, you auto-deflect. To be so narrow-minded is to be closed to the grand possibility of anything existing beyond the small band of frequency that can be perceived through the five senses of your physical 3D body. The answer is simple but seemingly a difficult hurdle for many of you to accomplish. Accordingly the very desire to expand attracts powerful thought frequencies that will allow for expansion. And then every Occasion in which you openly accept an idea that is beyond your accepted parameters, that idea activates yet another part of your brain into purposeful use. Each time you do that, the expansive idea will offer itself as a carrier to expand your field of belief, and allow greater Cosmic reasoning. That process, sincerely repeated, will attract new ideas with study and meditation. In kind, this cycle will activate other portions of your brain for more expansion, new programming and new reception, by accepting in a clear mind. There are many in metaphysics that want to open the book of knowledge and skip over to the final chapter. In this method you allow fresh and expansive ideas to enter the brain from the Divine Mind as high frequency thought. Evolve it and drive it with emotion, and live the new information into knowledge and wisdom. The issue most humans have in not changing their beliefs is blind acceptance of mental 3D programming. However, the duality aspect, the double edge of that sword, is that fear out of context can reach into many negative emotions including depression, doubt, hatred, jealousy and self contempt. These are at their root, negative aspects of fear, and fear creates static in the auric field, and can lead to auric bleeding. The belief thought-images that surround you are co-created in mass fields by all of humanity in agreement in the macro. Thought frequencies are digitally received and are immediately propelled bio-chemically within the brain. Each image, each thought, being interpreted and sorted according to its energetic signature. They must pass through the program parameter of belief after reception at the pineal. Believable or unbelievable according to the light quotient programmed into the brain. The bio-chemicals produced are produced with acceptance ingredient or rejection ingredient. These bio chemicals are sent as coded neurons, and are the delivery mechanism of this thought-energy, containing all the codified data necessary for translating any thought or image into physical actuality, or not. Thoughts that are congruent with belief move to reproduce the inner image within the brain and through each nerve fiber of the body physical. The next step is through clear mind intent, the force of will, will driven by the acceleration of emotion and feeling. This done, the physical body releases the objective in a digital code to the sublime body, the intact Auric Field in a semi solid, congealed light code, projected and accelerated from the chakra system. The clarity and intensity you insert behind the thought-desire or goal determines to a great degree the immediacy of its materialization. Once you learn the mechanics of conscious creation it is essential then to utilize the engine of genuine desire with image visualization and emotion to complete the process of physical manifestation. So to clarify syntax, let us say that in the Law of Attraction, it is wise to substitute the word Believe "for "Think", because while positive thought can encourage new belief, until you believe what you think you are not generating new reality. So understand, beyond the syntax, that thinking positive thoughts can only manifest if they are in sync with your beliefs. If you believe money is the root of all evil, the Law of Attraction 736 will not work for you until you change that core belief. If you believe that you are poor and will always be scraping to make ends meet, then your very belief will create that experience. No matter if you work 2 or 3 jobs, your core belief is generated, projected into dimensionality and indeed will be manifested. If you believe you are not attractive, you will project that image to all around you telepathically. You constantly project your beliefs, and their manifestations constantly "meet you in the face" when you view the world around you. In kind, if you believe, in very simple terms, that people mean you well, and will treat you kindly, they will. And, if you believe that the world is against you, then so it will be in your experience. And, if you believe that your body will age and begin to weaken at age 40, then it will. You are in physical existence to learn and understand that your beliefs, energetically translated into feelings, thoughts and emotions, cause all experience. Now your experience can change your beliefs, and at any time you are in control of what you choose to believe. Imagine that you have a number of lifetimes as a monk or priest where you have taken strict poverty vows. You realize money is not evil, it is simply energy, and that it can be used for many positive things. It is energy and in the new paradigm you are required to learn to create in responsible loving manner. That is because there is a lesson here that must be faced, and until it is faced it will repeat over and over again, until it is completed. While it is true that your thoughts and beliefs create the reality you experience in duality, you in higher aspect thoughtfully and carefully compose and create the challenges that you face. You cannot just ignore or wish away the growth lessons you script for yourself in order to expand. That is because your chosen set ups are in most cases outside, beyond the ability of the duality aspect of ego-brain to remove or will away. You will face them, because you have in divine self, willed it from higher perspective. There is nothing more stimulating, more worthy of actualization, than your manifested desire to evolve, to change for the better. It is not enough to meditate, or to visualize the desired goal being accomplished if you do not act upon the inner voice, the drive from which your meditations and visualizations arise. Becoming impeccable, and eventually achieving your enlightenment does not mean, as some religions indirectly imply, that you are suddenly in a blissful state of oblivion, or in some distant state of nirvana. Masters, we tell you that you are as much a part of a nirvana now as you ever will be, you simply need to discover it within you. There will indeed be cycles within your emotional state; that is part of being human. Not only the problems you face, but even certain astronomical gravities can be the source of such despair, on their own. This is a great truth, one of the greatest truths of duality, and one commonly misunderstood. You see when you accept this noble truth, you have the opportunity to transcend it. In order to experience the light of your desire, you must ignite the passion that will free it from the stronghold where it has been closely guarded. The greatest path is to accept the challenge of self purification by being a living example of your own light rather than protesting the darkness that still exists within the world in 3D, or choosing to insulate yourself from it. Because once it is accepted, the fact that life can be difficult no longer scares you, rather it motivates the spiritual warrior into resolve.
Were enough qualified supervisors available to assure quality of measurements and interviews Were the interviewers able to read questions in a standardized way from the questionnaire Survey methodology X Has the sampling frame been adjusted for recent population movements Discussion X Does the report include a discussion of results treatment jerawat di palembang discount procyclidine 5 mg without a prescription, including limitations of the survey If results are compared to a baseline treatment genital herpes buy generic procyclidine 5 mg on line, is the quality of the baseline information discussed medicine dispenser buy 5 mg procyclidine amex. You should recalibrate the scales as necessary and install your equipment in a quiet place treatment depression purchase procyclidine 5 mg without a prescription, on level ground, with adequate light. Firm, so the child will be correctly positioned on the measuring board and will not move. Gentle, so the child (and the mother) will be at ease and more likely to cooperate. While measuring the child, you can talk to him or her, explaining the procedure, etc. Ideally, the measurer will measure and call out the measurement while a separate person - the assistant - will record the measurement while repeating it out loud. At the time of measurement, an age estimate is needed for decisions on sampling and for the position on the measuring board. The preferred method of finding the age of the child is by obtaining the exact birth date of the child, after which the age of the child in months is then calculated. If available, the enumerator needs to examine documentary evidence of the birth date (such as a birth certificate or immunization card). Where there is a general registration of births and where ages are generally known, recording age to the nearest month is relatively easy. Cross-checking is necessary when the date of birth is given verbally by the mother, as recall errors are common. If dates cannot be recalled, use of a local events-based calendar will assist mothers in recalling the date of birth. Annual national events are important to include, as significant annual landmarks can easily jog the memory and help to pinpoint the timing of a birth. Additionally, large national events should be detailed (such as elections, religious holidays, harvest seasons, etc. The local calendar should be constructed before the survey and tested using the enumerators; thus, it is essential that all staff are comfortable using local calendars to ensure that the fewest mistakes are made. Example of estimation of age using a local calendar A child is selected for inclusion in the survey. The mother is unable to tell you how old the child is, and there is no vaccination card or birth record to determine the age. At this point, a local calendar of events is invaluable and should be referred to for further investigation of age. For this example, a local calendar developed for use in the September 2004 Nutrition survey in Darfur, Sudan, should be followed. Surveyor: Mother: Surveyor: Mother: Surveyor: Mother: Surveyor: What year was the child born in If you refer to the sample local calendar (below), you will see that the child was born in September 2000 and is therefore 47 months old. You need this information to determine your reference population according to gender. Figure 2 Measurement Techniques for Height (children over 2 years) Source: How to Weigh and Measure Children: Assessing the Nutritional Status of Young Children. Gradually lower the child onto the board with their head at the fixed end of the board. Figure 3 Measurement Techniques for Child Length (under 2 years) Source: How to Weigh and Measure Children: Assessing the Nutritional Status of Young Children. The best way to turn the scale on is by closely passing one foot over the top of the switch window from one side to the other. Pass your foot across the switch window to reset the scale before weighing the next person. Call out the measurement when the child is still and the scale needle is stationary. Even children who are very active, which causes the needle to wobble greatly, will become still long enough to take a reading. Figure 6 Child mid-upper arm circumference measurement Source: How to Weigh and Measure Children: Assessing the Nutritional Status of Young Children. If the thumb leaves an indentation, known as pitting, on the upper side of both feet, then nutritional oedema is present. Nutritional oedema is always bilateral (present on both feet); therefore, only individuals with pitting on both feet are recorded as positive for nutritional oedema. Length/height boards should be designed to measure children under 2 years of age laying down (recumbent), and older children standing up (note: only one board with dual purposes is standard). The board should measure up to 120 cm for children and be readable to 1/10th of a centimeter. Sealing the wood with water repellent and ensuring the measuring tape is protected from wear will improve the durability of the board. The numbers of the tape measure must be next to the markings on the board when the measure is glued to the side of the board. Blueprints for the construction of portable measuring boards are also available from the National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Web site. It can measure from 1 kg to 150 kg in 100 g divisions, with an accuracy of +/-100 g. Weight of adult on scale can be stored (tared) in memory, allowing the weight of baby or small child held by adult to show on scale indicator. The major advantage of this scale is the microcomputer chip, which allows it to adjust to zero and weigh people quickly and accurately. The portable scale, weighing 4 kg, includes a solar cell on-switch and is powered by long-life lithium battery. Salter Hanging Scale Model 235-6S: this is a lightweight scale that has a durable, rust-resistant metal case and an unbreakable plastic face. The kit contains measuring and survey materials for two survey teams, or measuring equipment for two feeding centers. Water, tea, or juice / (circle all that are true) Powdered milk or infant formula / Semi-solid or solid food / None of these 8) Since this time yesterday, has this child drunk anything from a bottle with a nipple Vitamin A is given as drops from a capsule (show example) 10) Since 2 weeks ago, has this child had diarrhea Name and title of principal investigator responsible for the proposed research: Mr. Name and title of co-investigator (if any) responsible for the proposed research: Last (Surname) Middle (if any) First name Title (eg. List the name(s) and institutional affiliation of foreign researcher(s) (other than co-investigator) to assist your project in Nepal and abroad (if any) - None Name (a) Institution. Prior to implementation, it is necessary to collect baseline data to be able to measure the progress of the different indicators during the project lifecycle. The baseline data collected will allow us to adapt the project to the specific needs of the communities and to its socio-cultural specificity, as well as enabling us to measure the progress of the different indicators over the project lifecycle. Baseline survey: In order to collect the baseline information prior to the implementation of the Mother and Child Health Care Activity in Makwanpur district. Surveyors will visit every Xth household (to be determined), following a systematic sampling method, and ask simple questions in order to determine if there are any target beneficiaries in the household. If the criterion is met, the full questionnaire will be filled in, anthropometric measurements will be taken if applicable, and a blood sample will be taken and analyzed. The entire fieldwork will be carried out by 5 teams each team consisting of two female interviewers and a lab assistant. Pretesting the data collection tools (if relevant) Validity and reliability of the research (if relevant) Biases (if relevant) Limitation of the study (if relevant) 16.
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